Finance Terminology Study Notes (Bilingual terms)

Financial Roles, Positions, and Banking Terms (Page 1)

• Accountant — Kế toán viên
  • Definition: A professional who records, analyzes, and reports financial information to ensure accuracy and compliance.
• Auditor — Kiểm toán viên
  • Definition: An independent reviewer who examines financial statements and controls to provide assurance.
• Bookkeeper — Chuka accounting? (Note: Transcript lists as Bookkeeper without a Vietnamese equivalent in Page 1)
  • Translation: Người ghi sổ; giữ sổ sách cơ bản.
• Chief Financial Officer (CFO) — Giám đốc tài chính
  • Role: Senior executive responsible for managing the financial actions of a company.
• Indie — độc lập
  • Note: Term used in transcript to denote independence; context implies independent auditor/analyst.
• Investment Banker — Chuyên viên ngân hàng đầu tư
  • Role: Provides advisory services for mergers, acquisitions, capital raising, and other large financial transactions.
• Treasurer — Kế toán trưởng, thủ quỹ
  • Role: Oversees liquidity, funding, banking relationships, and internal controls related to cash.
• Controller — Kiểm soát viên tài chính
  • Role: Responsible for accounting operations, financial reporting, and internal controls.
• Financial Advisor — Cố vấn tài chính
  • Role: Provides guidance on financial planning, investments, and portfolios.
• Risk Manager — Quản lý rủi ro
  • Role: Identifies, analyzes, and mitigates financial and operational risks.
• Tax Consultant — Cố vấn thuế
  • Role: Advises on tax strategy, compliance, and optimization.
• Credit Analyst — Chuyên viên phân tích tín dụng
  • Role: Assesses creditworthiness of borrowers and determines risk/interest terms.
  • Note: Appears twice in Transcript (Page 1).
• Actuary — Chuyên viên định phí bảo hiểm
  • Role: Uses statistics to assess risk and financial stability for insurance and pension programs.
• Bank Teller — Giao dịch viên ngân hàng
  • Role: Performs routine banking transactions for customers.
• Portfolio Manager — Quản lý danh mục đầu tư
  • Role: Manages investment portfolios and asset allocation for clients or funds.
• Compliance Officer — Nhân viên tuân thủ pháp lý
  • Role: Ensures adherence to laws, regulations, and internal policies.
• Checking account — Tài khoản thanh toán
  • Description: Everyday transactional account used for deposits, withdrawals, payments.
• Savings account — Tài khoản tiết kiệm
  • Description: Interest-bearing account for saving money over time.
• Stockholder / Shareholder — cổ đông
  • Description: Owner of shares in a company.
• Fixed deposit account — Tài khoản tiền gửi có kỳ hạn
  • Description: Time deposit with a fixed term and usually higher interest.
• Current account — Tài khoản vãng lai
  • Description: Another term for checking account in some regions.
• Joint account — Tài khoản chung
  • Description: Account owned by two or more people.
• Business account — Tài khoản doanh nghiệp
  • Description: Account designed for business transactions and cash management.
• Foreign currency account — Tài khoản ngoại tệ
  • Description: Account denominated in currencies other than the home currency.
• Online banking — Ngân hàng trực tuyến
  • Description: Access banking services via the internet.
• Mobile banking — Ngân hàng di động
  • Description: Banking services via mobile apps.
• Wire transfer — Chuyển khoản điện tử
  • Description: Electronic transfer of funds between banks.
• ATM withdrawal — Rút tiền từ ATM
  • Description: Cash withdrawal from an automated teller machine.
• Bank loan — Khoản vay ngân hàng
  • Description: Borrowed funds from a bank with agreed interest and repayment terms.
• Mortgage — Thế chấp
  • Description: A loan secured by real property.
• Credit card — Thẻ tín dụng
  • Description: Revolving credit line with a credit limit.
• Debit card — Thẻ ghi nợ
  • Description: Card linked to a bank account for direct deduction.
• Overdraft — Thấu chi
  • Description: Contractual overdraft facility allowing spending beyond available balance.
• Standing order — Lệnh thanh toán định kỳ
  • Description: Instruction to pay fixed amounts at regular intervals.
• Direct debit — Ghi nợ trực tiếp
  • Description: Authorization for a third party to collect funds from an account.
• Foreign exchange service — Dịch vụ đổi ngoại tệ
  • Description: Currency exchange and related services.
• Safe deposit box — Két an toàn
  • Description: Secure storage at a bank for valuables.
• Sale on credit — bán chịu, cho trả sau
  • Description: Selling goods/services with payment deferred.
• Capital — Vốn
• Liability — Nợ phải trả, trách nhiệm pháp lý
• Equity — Vốn chủ sở hữu
• Balance sheet (BS) — Bảng cân đối kế toán

Financial Roles, Accounts, and Markets (Page 1 – Continued)

• Capital vs. Liability vs. Equity: quick distinctions
  • Capital (Vốn): Funds contributed by owners or retained earnings.
  • Liability (Nợ phải trả): Obligations owed to outsiders (creditors).
  • Equity (Vốn chủ sở hữu): Residual interest in assets after liabilities; owners’ claim.
• Balance sheet (BS): Snapshot of financial position at a point in time showing assets, liabilities, and equity.

Banking Accounts, Services, and Instruments (Page 1)

• Checking account (Tài khoản thanh toán)
  • Uses: Daily transactions, payments, deposits, withdrawals.
• Savings account (Tài khoản tiết kiệm)
  • Uses: Earn interest while keeping funds accessible.
• Fixed deposit account (Tài khoản tiền gửi có kỳ hạn)
  • Uses: Lock funds for a term to earn higher interest.
• Current account (Tài khoản vãng lai)
  • Note: Similar to checking; terminology varies by region.
• Joint account (Tài khoản chung)
  • Uses: Account shared by more than one person.
• Business account (Tài khoản doanh nghiệp)
  • Uses: Cash management for a company.
• Foreign currency account (Tài khoản ngoại tệ)
  • Uses: Hold and transact in currencies other than home currency.
• Online banking (Ngân hàng trực tuyến)
  • Access to accounts and services via web platforms.
• Mobile banking (Ngân hàng di động)
  • Banking via smartphone apps.
• Wire transfer (Chuyển khoản điện tử)
  • Fast electronic transfer between banks, often international.
• ATM withdrawal (Rút tiền từ ATM)
  • Cash access from ATM machines.
• Bank loan (Khoản vay ngân hàng)
  • Debt financing from a bank.
• Mortgage (Thế chấp)
  • Real estate loan secured by property.
• Credit card (Thẻ tín dụng)
  • Revolving line of credit for purchases; must repay with interest.
• Debit card (Thẻ ghi nợ)
  • Directly debits funds from a linked account.
• Overdraft (Thấu chi)
  • Credit facility to cover short-term cash shortfalls.
• Standing order (Lệnh thanh toán định kỳ)
  • Regular fixed payments to another account.
• Direct debit (Ghi nợ trực tiếp)
  • Authorized collection of funds from an account.
• Foreign exchange service (Dịch vụ đổi ngoại tệ)
  • Currency exchange and related services.
• Safe deposit box (Két an toàn)
  • Secure storage for valuables at a bank.
• Sale on credit (bán chịu)
  • Selling goods/services with delayed payment.

Investments, Markets, and Corporate Finance Concepts (Page 2)

• Income statement (IS) — Báo cáo kết quả kinh doanh/báo cáo thu nhập
  • Purpose: Reports revenues, expenses, and profits over a period.
• Stock — Cổ phiếu
  • Equity ownership in a corporation; traded on exchanges.
• Bond — Trái phiếu
  • Debt security; issuer borrows funds from investors with fixed interest.
• Dividend — Cổ tức
  • Distribution of a portion of a company's earnings to shareholders.
• Mutual fund — Quỹ đầu tư chung
  • Pooled investment that holds a portfolio of assets.
• Portfolio — Danh mục đầu tư
  • Collection of investments held by an individual or institution.
• Return on investment (ROI) — Tỷ suất lợi nhuận trên đầu tư
  • Formula: $ROI = \frac{Net ext{ Profit}}{Investment} imes 100\%$
• Market capitalization (Market cap) — Sàn giao dịch chứng khoán
  • Value of a company as determined by stock price times shares outstanding; generally written as $Market ext{ cap} = Price ext{ per share} \times ext{Number of shares outstanding}$.
• Bull market — Thị trường giá lên
  • Market rising; investor confidence high.
• Bear market — Thị trường giá xuống
  • Market falling; investor confidence low.
• Interest rate — Lãi suất
  • Cost of borrowing money; price of money over time.
• Fixed interest rate — Lãi suất cố định
  • Rate remains constant over the term.
• Variable interest rate — Lãi suất thả nổi
  • Rate can change with market conditions.
• Inflation — Lạm phát
  • General increase in prices and fall in the purchasing power of money.
• Deflation — Giảm phát
  • General decrease in prices and increase in purchasing power.
• P&L — Profit and Loss Statement
  • Alternative naming for IS; shows profits and losses.
• EBIT — Earnings Before Interest and Taxes
  • $EBIT = Revenue - Operating ext{ expenses}$ (excluding interest and taxes)
• COGS — Cost of Goods Sold
  • Direct costs of producing goods sold by a company.
• Gross Profit — Lợi nhuận gộp
  • $GP = Revenue - COGS$
• Net Profit — Lợi nhuận ròng
  • $NP = Revenue - Expenses - Taxes - Interest$
• ROI — Return on Investment (see above)
• ROA — Return on Assets
  • Formula: $ROA = \frac{Net\ Profit}{Total\ Assets}$
• ROE — Return on Equity
  • Formula: $ROE = \frac{Net\ Profit}{Shareholders'\ Equity}$
• EPS — Earnings Per Share
  • Formula: $EPS = \frac{Net\ Income}{Weighted\ Average\ Shares}$
• NAV — Net Asset Value
  • Formula: $NAV = \frac{Total\ Assets - Total\ Liabilities}{Outstanding\ Shares}$
• IPO — Initial Public Offering
  • First selling of a company's stock to the public.
• M&A — Mergers and Acquisitions
  • Consolidation of companies or assets through various types of financial transactions.
• ETF — Exchange-Traded Fund
  • Fund traded on stock exchange; holds a basket of assets.
• DCF — Discounted Cash Flow
  • Valuation method based on present value of expected future cash flows.
  • Formula: $DCF = \sum<em>{t=1}^{T} \frac{CF</em>t}{(1+r)^t}$ where $CF_t$ is cash flow at time $t$ and $r$ is the discount rate.
• AP — Accounts Payable
  • Amounts a company owes to suppliers.
• AR — Accounts Receivable
  • Amounts owed to a company by customers.
• CAPEX — Capital Expenditure
  • Funds used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets.
• FDI — Foreign Direct Investment
  • Investment by a firm in a business in another country.
• GDP — Gross Domestic Product
  • $GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)$ where C = consumption, I = investment, G = government spending, X = exports, M = imports.
• CIT — Corporate Income Tax
  • Tax on corporate profits.
• PIT — Personal Income Tax
  • Tax on individuals' earnings.
• GAAP — Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
  • Set of accounting standards and procedures.

Key Formulas and Concepts (Summary)

• ROI: $ROI = \frac{Net\ Profit}{Investment} \times 100\%$
• ROA: $ROA = \frac{Net\ Income}{Total\ Assets}$
• ROE: $ROE = \frac{Net\ Income}{Shareholders'\ Equity}$
• EPS: $EPS = \frac{Net\ Income}{Weighted\ Average\ Shares}$
• NAV: $NAV = \frac{Total\ Assets - Total\ Liabilities}{Outstanding\ Shares}$
• DCF: $DCF = \sum<em>{t=1}^{T} \frac{CF</em>t}{(1+r)^t}$
• GDP: $GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)$
• GP: $GP = Revenue - COGS$
• NP: $NP = Revenue - Expenses - Taxes - Interest$

Connections, Implications, and Practical Notes

• These terms collectively underpin everyday financial decision-making in individuals, corporations, and financial institutions.
• Understanding the difference between assets (what you own), liabilities (what you owe), and equity (owner claims) is foundational for interpreting balance sheets.
• The IS/P&L shows profitability over a period, while the BS shows position at a point in time; together they support financial analysis and fiduciary decision-making.
• Ethical and practical implications: roles like Compliance Officer and Tax Consultant emphasize regulatory adherence, fairness, and transparency in financial reporting and tax planning.
• Real-world relevance: ROI/ROA/ROE guide investment efficiency assessments; DCF is a core valuation method used in capital budgeting and M&A.

Quick-reference Glossary (from Transcript)

• Accountant: Kế toán viên
• Auditor: Kiểm toán viên
• Bookkeeper: Người ghi sổ
• CFO: Giám đốc tài chính
• Indie: độc lập
• Investment Banker: Chuyên viên ngân hàng đầu tư
• Treasurer: Kế toán trưởng, thủ quỹ
• Controller: Kiểm soát viên tài chính
• Financial Advisor: Cố vấn tài chính
• Risk Manager: Quản lý rủi ro
• Tax Consultant: Cố vấn thuế
• Credit Analyst: Chuyên viên phân tích tín dụng
• Actuary: Chuyên viên định phí bảo hiểm
• Bank Teller: Giao dịch viên ngân hàng
• Portfolio Manager: Quản lý danh mục đầu tư
• Compliance Officer: Nhân viên tuân thủ pháp lý
• Online banking: Ngân hàng trực tuyến
• Mobile banking: Ngân hàng di động
• Wire transfer: Chuyển khoản điện tử
• ATM withdrawal: Rút tiền từ ATM
• Bank loan: Khoản vay ngân hàng
• Mortgage: Thế chấp
• Credit card: Thẻ tín dụng
• Debit card: Thẻ ghi nợ
• Overdraft: Thấu chi
• Standing order: Lệnh thanh toán định kỳ
• Direct debit: Ghi nợ trực tiếp
• Foreign exchange service: Dịch vụ đổi ngoại tệ
• Safe deposit box: Két an toàn
• Sale on credit: Bán chịu
• Capital: Vốn
• Liability: Nợ phải trả, trách nhiệm pháp lý
• Equity: Vốn chủ sở hữu
• Balance sheet (BS): Bảng cân đối kế toán
• Income statement (IS): Báo cáo kết quả kinh doanh/báo cáo thu nhập
• Stock: Cổ phiếu
• Bond: Trái phiếu
• Dividend: Cổ tức
• Mutual fund: Quỹ đầu tư chung
• Portfolio: Danh mục đầu tư
• ROI: Tỷ suất lợi nhuận trên đầu tư
• Market cap: Sàn giao dịch chứng khoán
• Bull market: Thị trường giá lên
• Bear market: Thị trường giá xuống
• Interest rate: Lãi suất
• Fixed interest rate: Lãi suất cố định
• Variable interest rate: Lãi suất thả nổi
• Inflation: Lạm phát
• Deflation: Giảm phát
• P&L: Báo cáo kết quả hoạt động kinh doanh
• EBIT: Lợi nhuận trước lãi vay và thuế
• COGS: Giá vốn hàng bán
• GP: Lợi nhuận gộp
• NP: Lợi nhuận ròng
• NAV: Giá trị tài sản ròng
• IPO: Phát hành cổ phiếu lần đầu ra công chúng
• M&A: Mua bán và sáp nhập doanh nghiệp
• ETF: Quỹ hoán đổi danh mục
• DCF: Dòng tiền chiết khấu
• AP: Các khoản phải trả
• AR: Các khoản phải thu
• CAPEX: Chi phí hoạt động
• FDI: Đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài
• GDP: Tổng sản phẩm quốc nội
• CIT: Thuế thu nhập doanh nghiệp
• PIT: Thuế thu nhập cá nhân
• GAAP: Nguyên tắc kế toán được chấp nhận chung