Final cooked history

Thomas Hobbes believed in absolutism, one ruler having unlimited power. John Locke believed in natural rights and limited government.

Peter the Great westernized Russia, expanded its territory west (St Petersburg port), and made Russia a military power.

To enforce catholicism in England (Protestant)

Power shifted towards England

Spain lost power

The Reformation occurred due to Martin Luther's questioning of catholicism, looking inward for answers vs. looking for god. Martin Luther was a priest who started the protestant reformation with his 95 Theses

Common law was an unwritten set of laws that made law more uniform and fair.

Magna Carta was a document that limited a monarch's power and gave nobles more rights. These documents became the basis for government in the world

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries that marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity

It helped move Europe out of the Dark Ages, advanced art, science, and technology

Absolutism was a government ruled by one sole ruler

Rulers of this era used this concept to rule their land without a parliament, they passed down this right to rule by birth

England: “Divine right of king”

Asia: The mandate of heaven

The scientific revolution shifted from a religious (Earth Centered) to a scientific (Sun-centered) view

Ptolemy believed that the earth was motionless and at the center of the universe, with god at the end, then a telescope was invented and Copernicus used math to find that the sun was at the center and the earth revolved around it.

John Locke: Advocated natural rights and influenced modern democracy

Montesquieu: Separation of powers

Voltaire: Freedom of speech and religion

The Enlightenment: A philosophical movement of the 1700s that based itself around reason.

Also called the Age of Reason due to its emphasis on reason over superstition and science over blind faith.

Aristotle: Advocated for an organized society, was the foundation for the west

Simon Bolivar: Led revolutions that helped South American countries gain independence

Thomas Hobbes: Influenced later thoughts on absolute monarchy and social contract

John Locke: Influenced later democracies and the American Revolution

King Louis: Ruled France with absolute power and strengthened France's power and economy but also decreased wealth by the end of his run

Baron de Montesquieu: His idea of separation of powers influenced the constitution

Thomas Jefferson: Made the Declaration of Independence influenced by John Locke

Jean Rousseau: Influential during the French Revolution and later political movements

Mary Wollstonecraft: Pioneer for women's rights, argued for gender equality

Enlightened absolutism: Became popular because it protected natural rights, equality over law

Democracy: Became popular due to people believing government should be chosen by the people and protect rights

The importance of this was that these ideas promoted the belief that government should serve the people and that people have a role in shaping laws and leaders.

Inspired other nations and revolutions, including the French Revolution (1789) and later Latin American uprisings. The Bill of Rights (1791) was influenced by Enlightenment ideas. This secured liberties like freedom of speech, religion, and assembly. The revolution challenged the authority of monarchs. By promoting concepts of rights, democratic governance, and civic participation, it helped to solidify and spread Enlightenment thought, influencing political movements and ideologies worldwide.

America used ideas like natural rights (John Locke), separation of powers(Montesquieu), and social contract (Rousseau)

Aristotle: Oligarchy, Only educated people could govern

Simon Bolivar: Centralized republic, people could govern themselves but with leadership

Thomas Hobbes: Monarchy, people weretooo wicked to govern

John Locke: Democracy is the right of the people to govern

King Louis: Monarchy, only people selected by god could govern

Baron de Montesquieu: Democracy is, a balanced government, people can govern but need a system of checks and balances

Thomas Jefferson: Democracy, people could govern through representative democracy

Jean Rousseau: In direct democracy, people could govern due to their natural good

Mary Wollstonecraft: Democracy, both men and women can govern

Galileo: Used the telescope to discover 4 moons of Jupiter

Copernicus: Used math to find that the earth on its axis revolves around the sun annually

Kepler: Finds thatEarth'ss orbits are elliptical, not circular

Issac Newton: DIscovers the universal laws of gravitation, states that all objects in the universe are attracted to each other by gravity

1st estate: Clergy, Higher clergy (noble family), Parish priests Little tax

2nd estate: Nobility (court, military, church, government) Little tax

3rd estate: Peasents (75-80%) and Middle-class Majority of the taille (tax)

The major causes of the French Revolution included economic hardship, especially high taxes on the common people, widespread hunger due to poor harvests, and France’s massive debt from wars and royal spending. Additionally, the ideas of the Enlightenment challenged traditional authority and inspired a desire for reform.

The National Assembly created the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which focused on protecting natural rights like liberty, property, and security. It was influenced by Enlightenment ideas, the American Declaration of Independence, and the English Bill of Rights.

Controversial policies of the National Assembly and later the National Convention included the execution of the king, the Reign of Terror, and radical economic policies that targeted the rich. These actions aimed to suppress counter-revolutionaries and solidify the gains of the Revolution.

The National Convention, especially through the creation of the Committee of Public Safety, marked the beginning of the Revolution’s violent phase. The Committee, led by figures like Robespierre, implemented harsh measures, including mass executions, to protect the Revolution from internal and external threats.

Once in power, Napoleon instituted reforms that were popular, such as the Napoleonic Code, which simplified laws and promoted merit over the birthright. He also improved infrastructure, stabilized the economy, and expanded France’s influence through military victories.

After Napoleon’s defeat, European leaders at the Congress of Vienna aimed to restore the old monarchies and create a balance of power to prevent future conflicts. Their goal was to maintain stability and suppress the spread of revolutionary ideas.

The Industrial Revolution was successful in Great Britain due to the availability of natural resources like coal and iron, the existence of a growing middle class, the development of new technologies like the steam engine, and the expansion of the British Empire which provided raw materials and new markets.
The negative effects included poor living conditions in overcrowded cities, unsafe and unhealthy working environments, child labor, environmental pollution, and the disruption of traditional ways of life.

The revolutions of 1848 were sparked by a combination of political, economic, and social factors, including the desire for greater democracy, nationalism, and economic reforms. However, many of these revolutions ultimately failed to achieve their goals due no unification and that nationalism creates sometimes.

The Crimean War had a significant impact on both Europe and Russia. For Europe, the war revealed the weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire and the growing power of Russia, which led to a rebalancing of power on the continent. For Russia, the defeat was a major blow that exposed the need for significant reforms, including the emancipation of the serfs.

During the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain and France enacted a variety of reforms, including the Factory Acts in Britain that regulated working conditions, the abolition of slavery, and the expansion of suffrage and political rights.

Nationalism is the belief in and promotion of the interests of one's nation, often expressed through cultural, political, or economic means. In 19th century Europe, nationalist movements were gaining strength in areas like Austria, Italy, and Germany, challenging existing political structures and fueling calls for greater self-determination and unification.

The Monroe Doctrine was a foreign policy statement by President James Monroe in 1823 that asserted U.S. influence and dominance in the Western Hemisphere by claiming that further European colonization or interference would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.
Key scientific achievements of the Industrial Age included Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, Michael Faraday's discoveries in electromagnetism, and Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone. These pioneering thinkers and innovators expanded scientific knowledge and transformed society.

Economic: Nations looked for markets and raw materials (tea, coffee, tin, oil). The industrial revolution had significantly increased production capacities, and European powers sought to secure new markets to sell their goods while also acquiring essential raw materials to sustain their industries. This quest for economic gain drove many countries to explore and colonize regions rich in resources.

Political: All in competition with each other to gain more influence and control over the globe. European nations wanted to expand their empires to enhance their global standing and power. The competition often led to conflicts and diplomatic tensions, as countries raced to acquire territories and establish dominance.

Social: Racism and social Darwinism were at play. Many Europeans believed in the superiority of their culture and race, often justifying colonization as a means of civilizing "lesser" societies. This ideology not only fueled imperial ambitions but also led to the oppression and exploitation of colonized peoples.

The rebellion occurred due to mistrust and cultural differences between the British and the Indians. The initial cause was rifle cartridges being made of cow and pig fat, which offended both Hindu and Muslim soldiers. The resulting rebellion, known as the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, highlighted the deep-seated grievances against British rule. The outcome was the British government taking direct control of India, marking a significant shift in colonial governance.

Mohandas Gandhi was an Indian lawyer and a political figure. He is important because he argued for nonviolence and helped lead the movement for Indian independence. His philosophy of nonviolent resistance inspired countless movements for civil rights and freedom across the globe, making him a central figure in the struggle against colonialism.
Imperialism: The extension of a nation's power over other lands. This often involved military force, economic dominance, and political control, reshaping global power dynamics and leading to significant changes in the lives of colonized peoples.

Direct Rule: Governance carried out directly by a central authority, with little or no delegation of power to local leaders or institutions. This method often led to resistance from local populations, as it disregarded existing social structures and governance.

Indirect Rule: Assigning authority to local leaders who act as a link between the population and the central government. This approach was often seen as more effective in maintaining order and leveraging existing power structures, though it still allowed imperial powers to exert control.

Nationalism: The belief that people who share a culture, language, or history should be united as one nation. This sentiment often fueled independence movements in colonized regions as peoples sought to reclaim their identity and autonomy from imperial powers.

Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan - 1651):

Advocated for absolutism, proposing that a single ruler with unlimited power is essential to prevent societal chaos and conflict. Hobbes believed that in a state of nature, humans were inherently selfish and violent, necessitating a strong central authority for stability and protection.

John Locke (Two Treatises of Government - 1689):

Emphasized the concept of natural rights, which include life, liberty, and property. He argued for limited government, asserting that the government's role is to protect these rights and that citizens have the right to overthrow any government that fails to do so. Locke's ideas greatly influenced modern democracy and shaped the founding principles of the United States.

Peter the Great (Reign: 1682 - 1725):

Known for his extensive reform efforts aimed at westernizing Russia and modernizing its military. He established St. Petersburg, a port that became crucial for trade with the West. His policies included restructuring the Russian navy and army, expanding territory, and adopting Western technologies and cultural practices, which led to significant changes in Russian society.

The Counter-Reformation:

This movement was initiated to address the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation. In England, the enforcement of Catholicism under Mary I saw power shift towards England, while Spain experienced a decline in power. The Catholic Church sought to reaffirm its authority and improve its practices through various councils, including the Council of Trent.

The Renaissance (14th - 17th Century):

A pivotal period in European history characterized by a revival of classical learning, art, and humanism. The Renaissance marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and helped elevate Europe out of the Dark Ages. Significant advancements in art, science, literature, and philosophy were made during this time, with figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Copernicus leading the charge in innovation and creativity.

Common Law and the Magna Carta:

Common law evolved over centuries in England, establishing an unwritten body of rules leading to a more uniform and fair legal system. The Magna Carta of 1215 was a landmark document that limited the power of the monarch and established certain legal rights for nobles, setting a precedent for constitutional governance.

Absolutism:

A political doctrine where sovereignty is embodied in a single ruler. During this period, rulers claimed divine right or authority by birth to govern without the need for parliamentary consent. Notable examples include England's idea of monarchic divinity and Asia's concept of the Mandate of Heaven governing legitimacy.

Scientific Revolution (16th - 18th Century):

A transformative period during which scientific inquiry shifted from religious doctrines to empirical observation and mathematical reasoning. Key figures included Ptolemy (geocentric theory), Copernicus (heliocentric theory), Kepler (laws of planetary motion), and Isaac Newton (law of universal gravitation). This revolution laid the groundwork for modern science and altered humanity's understanding of the universe.

Key Enlightenment Thinkers:

John Locke: Advocated for natural rights influencing modern democratic thought.
Montesquieu: Introduced the idea of separation of powers, advocating for checks and balances.
Voltaire: Championed freedom of speech and religious tolerance, urging critical thought over blind adherence to tradition.

The Enlightenment (17th - 18th Century):

A philosophical movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority. Often referred to as the Age of Reason, it laid the intellectual foundations for the American and French Revolutions. Key documents from this era, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man, articulated concepts of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Important Revolutionary Figures:

Aristotle: Advocated for structured governance and political philosophy that influenced Western thought.
Simon Bolivar: Instrumental in Latin America’s independence movement, advocating for republican governance.
King Louis XIV: Absolute monarch of France known for his centralization of power, significant expansion of French territories, and eventual decline in wealth and influence.
Mary Wollstonecraft: Early feminist thinker who argued for women's rights and education, broadly contributing to debates on gender equality.

Legacy of Enlightenment Ideas:

Enlightened absolutism aimed to incorporate Enlightenment principles while maintaining monarchial power, asserting that rulers should protect citizens’ natural rights. This influence extended to revolutions in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, promoting political and social change worldwide. The American Constitution and the Bill of Rights exemplify how Enlightenment thought reshaped governance, ensuring protection of individual freedoms and rights.

The Industrial Revolution (18th - 19th Century):

Originating in Great Britain due to its abundant natural resources, technological advancements, and expanding markets, this period witnessed vast economic, social, and cultural transformations. Although it led to increased production and wealth, it also introduced significant challenges like urban overcrowding, poor labor conditions, and environmental degradation. Over time, it prompted social reforms and debates regarding labor rights and equality.

Nationalism and Imperialism (19th Century):

Nationalist sentiments surged in Europe as people sought self-determination and national unity, sparking independence movements in various regions while fostering competition among imperial powers. This often resulted in exploitation and oppression of colonized populations under the guise of civilizing missions, which were justified by prevailing ideologies of racial superiority and social Darwinism. The consequences of imperialism shaped global politics and socio-economic structures for generations.