Comprehensive CLAT July 2025 Current Affairs Notes

PM Modi's 5 Nations Visit

• Why in News? PM Modi embarked on a multi-nation tour from $2$-$9$ July $2025$ visiting $Ghana$, Trinidad A0& Tobago, $Argentina$, $Brazil$, and $Namibia$.
• Key Highlights of 5 Nations Visit
  • Indian PM's 1st State Visit to Brazil in $60$ years.
  • PM Modi Received Brazil's Highest Civilian Honour, Grand Collar of National Order of Southern Cross, during bilateral talks in Brasília after BRICS Summit.
  • Indian PM's 1st Visit to Argentina in $57$ years (Last Indian PM: Indira Gandhi) marks $75$ years of ties, $(5)$ years of strategic partnership; received “Key to the City of Buenos Aires".
  • PM Modi's 1st visit to Namibia in $27$ years (Last Indian PM: Atal Bihari Vajpayee).
  • PM Modi Made 1st visit to Trinidad since $1999$; received Highest Civilian Honour (Order of Republic of Trinidad and Tobago).
  • Indian PM’s visit to Ghana: India’s mission in Accra established in $1953$ (before Ghana’s independence in $1957$); Ghana-India relations overview below.
• Key Outcomes by Country
  • Argentina visit outcomes:
  • Strategic & Economic Engagement: broaden MERCOSUR Trade Pact; diversify; reduce commodity dependence.
  • Energy & Critical Minerals Cooperation: shale energy (Argentina has large shale gas reserves); oil & gas and lithium (Lithium Triangle: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile).
  • Defence & Digital Cooperation: defence manufacturing, co-development, and tech transfer; adoption of India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (UPI, Tele-Medicine).
  • Soft power & democratic values: tribute to General José de San Martín; promotion of South-South cooperation & multi-lateralism.
  • Namibia visit outcomes:
  • Namibia received India’s highest civilian honour, Welwitschia Mirabilis order (1st Indian leader to be so honoured).
  • Namibia joined Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure and Global Biofuels Alliance; first African nation to sign licensing pact for India’s UPI technology.
  • Cheetah translocation: India received 8 cheetahs from Namibia in 2022.
  • Trinidad & Tobago visit outcomes:
  • Joined Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure; joined Global Biofuel Alliance.
  • OCI card facility extended to 6th generation; adoption of UPI, DigiLocker, e-sign; T&T first Caribbean nation to implement UPI.
  • Re-establishment of Indian Council for Cultural Relations chairs in Hindi and Indian studies; boost counter-terrorism & CARICOM ties.
  • Ghana relations:
  • Africa’s gateway to India; trade and security links; Ghana supports India at UNSC bid; India–Ghana partnership in ICT and rail (Tema-Mpakadan standard-gauge railway).
• Significance and Relevance
  • Deepens South-South cooperation; broadens security, energy, and digital trade footprints; strengthens India’s leadership role in the Global South.
  • Economic diversification: strategic roadmaps with MERCOSUR, energy, minerals, defence tech, and digital platforms.
  • Diplomatic signal: pushes for broader regional ties and leverage within BRICS, G-20, and global governance reform.

ChinaMega Dam on Brahmaputra River (Yarlung Tsangpo) in Tibet

• Why in News? China began construction of a mega-hydropower project on the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) in Medog County, Tibet, near the Arunachal border.
• Project Overview
  • Location: Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, Medog County, Tibet.
  • Project components: 5 cascade hydropower stations: Ugeng, Dite, Dime, Parong, Siyom (approx. 5 stations).
  • Capacity & Output: expected to generate around $300 ext{ billion kWh}$ annually; potential total capacity up to around $60 ext{ GW}$ (nearly triple output of the Three Gorges Dam).
  • Planning framework: part of China’s $14^{th}$ Five-Year Plan and Long-Range Objectives through 2035; aim for carbon neutrality by $2060$.
• Implications & Concerns
  • Geopolitical: downstream water security risks for India and Bangladesh; potential for altered sediment transport; increased downstream flood risk under geopolitical tensions.
  • Biodiversity & Environment: risk to wetlands, fish species, and regional ecosystems; seismic and landslide hazards in the seismically active Himalayas.
  • Disaster risk: potential for Glacial Lake Outburst Floods given Himalayan hydrological dynamics; concern over dam safety amid earthquakes (1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake historical reference).
• Indian Preparations & Context
  • India plans a counterpart dam program (e.g., ~$10 ext{ GW}$) in Dibang Valley to offset downstream impact if needed.
  • Transboundary governance: existing umbrella MoU (Umbrella MoU, 2013) and Brahmaputra-specific MoU details; Lack of binding treaty among China, India, Bhutan, and Bangladesh; no binding UN Watercourses Convention signatories among riparian states.
• Dam Safety & Governance (India)
  • Dam Safety Act, 2021; NRLD (National Register of Large Dams); DRIP program (Dam Rehabilitation & Improvement Programme) with World Bank/AIIB funding; National Centre for Earthquake Safety of Dams at MNIT Jaipur; WRIS (Water Resources Information System); DHARMA (Dam Health & Rehabilitation Monitoring Application); SHAISYS (Seismic Hazard Analysis information system) tool; Dam Safety Review Panels.
• Key Data Points
  • Number of large dams in India: ~$5700$; 80% older than $25$ years; ~$227$ dams > 100 years old still functional.
  • Cross-border hydrology governance: NRLD; existing data-sharing mechanisms lapsed in 2023; 2006 technical talks and data exchange under umbrella MoU.

NAM (Non-Aligned Movement)

• What is NAM?
  • A group of states not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc; established in $1961$ in Belgrade, Serbia; based on the “Ten Principles of Bandung".
  • Founding fathers: Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana), Jawaharlal Nehru (India), Sukarno (Indonesia), Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia).
  • Size: about $120$ member countries; accounts for roughly 60 ext{%} of the UN's membership.
  • Core focus: the 4 Ds—De9tente, Disarmament, Decolonisation, Development of the Third World.
• India’s Relevance within NAM
  • NAM’s role in revitalisation: supports Global South, anti-apartheid, and anti-colonial movements.
  • India’s UNSC candidacy support and strategic autonomy within global governance.
  • NAM’s relevance looks debated in the context of a multipolar world and the rise of other forums (G-20, BIMSTEC, ASEAN, SCO, RCEP).
• Arguments For/Against Relevance
  • For: 2/3 of UN members are NAM, opposition to international hegemony; provides platform for collective bargaining; supports anti-imperial and anti-colonial stances; nuclear-weapon-free zones and NPT negotiations.
  • Against: diminished post-Cold War relevance; member countries pursue capital, trade, technology with developed powers; difficulties achieving consensus; new forums gaining traction; still a potential platform for South–South cooperation and strategic autonomy.
• The Way Ahead
  • Realign NAM goals toward peace, development, and south–south cooperation; support for Global South in climate change, extremism, and post-COVID global order.
  • Consider expanding membership and reinforcing bargaining power in global institutions; emphasize “African Solutions to African Problems" and other regional approaches.

Russia Recognizes Taliban (Afghanistan)

• Why in News?
  • Russia recognized the Taliban as Afghanistan’s legitimate government in 2025; announced envoy Dmitry Zhirnov; ICC issued arrest warrants for Taliban leaders over gender-based persecution.
• Historical Background
  • Afghanistan as a geopolitical buffer in the 19th century during the Great Game between Tsarist Russia and British India.
  • Soviet invasion (1979–1989) and long-running conflict; Moscow Format (2017) for Afghan peace; post-2021 developments with realignments.
• India–Taliban Timeline & Position
  • India did not recognize the Taliban during 1996–2001; supported the Northern Alliance; engaged in pre- and post-2021 diplomacy via Moscow dialogues, Doha talks, and humanitarian engagement.
  • In 2023, India permitted Taliban-nominated Consul General appointment in Mumbai; pragmatic engagement for development projects, health, and education.
• Regional & Global Reactions
  • Russia’s recognition aligns with its regional interests in Central Asia and strategic partnerships with Afghanistan’s neighboring states.
  • ICC arrest warrants highlight international human rights concerns; tensions between recognition and accountability.
• Economic Cooperation (Russia–Afghanistan)
  • In 2022, deals on subsidized fuel and wheat; bilateral trade grew toward a target of $3 ext{ billion}$ in $2025$; Russia grants access for Afghan workers; exploration of joint infrastructure and tech ventures.

17th BRICS Summit 2025 (Rio de Janeiro)

• Quick Facts
  • Date and Venue: $6-7$ July $2025$, Rio de Janeiro; theme: "Strengthening Global South Cooperation for a More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance".
  • Indonesia joined BRICS; BRICS Partners welcomed: total of $10$ new partners (Belarus, Bolivia, Kazakhstan, Cuba, Nigeria, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Uganda, Uzbekistan).
  • India to chair and host the 18th BRICS Summit in $2026$.
• Key Outcomes & Initiatives
  • New interpretation of BRICS: India proposed "Building Resilience and Innovation for Cooperation and Sustainability".
  • Cross-cutting financial and governance initiatives: BRICS Pay (cross-border payments), BRICS Grain Exchange, BRICS Clear Depositary, and BRICS Multilateral Guarantee Mechanism.
  • The New Development Bank (NDB): established in $2014$; fully operational since $2016$; foundational capital: USD $100$ Billion; each founding member holds 20 ext{%} share.
  • CRA (Contingent Reserve Arrangement): total lending capacity USD $100$ Billion; aims to provide liquidity support to member economies.
  • BRICS+ engagements: broader inclusion of regional economies with a view to global south representation; BRICS Space Council for space cooperation; BRICS Cross-Border Payments pilot; intra-BRICS trade share reported as low (roughly 2.2 ext{%} in some contexts).
• India’s Role & Global Governance
  • Push for IMF/World Bank reforms to reflect emerging markets; expansion of permanent/non-permanent seats; support for African Union’s UNSC membership.
  • Continued push for de-dollarization discussions and alternative settlement mechanisms; emphasis on climate finance and global south governance reforms.

Sevilla Commitment for Financing Sustainable Development (FfD4) 2025

• What is Sevilla 2025?
  • The 4th Financing for Development conference concluded in Sevilla (Spain) with the adoption of the landmark "Sevilla Commitment".
• Purpose & Objective
  • Overhaul global finance to tackle the debt crisis and bridge the SDG funding gap; align financial architecture with sustainable development goals; mobilize financing for development.
• Core Focus Areas
  • Domestic resource mobilization and tax systems; expanding access to social protection and digital economies; scaling-up climate resilience financing; promoting gender-responsive financing.
• Key Pillars and Initiatives
  • Debt swaps for development; debt-for-development exchange mechanisms; debt pause clauses; debt swaps for social development (Spain/World Bank; Italy/World Bank collaborations);
  • Coalition for Global Solidarity Levies (luxury air travel); SCALED platform for blended finance; FX EDGE for currency risk mitigation; pre-arranged disaster financing scale-up; UN/ MDBs finance governance reforms.
• India’s Strategy (7-point plan) to mobilize private capital for sustainable development
  • Strengthen domestic financial markets; reform institutional governance; create investable project pipelines; scale blended finance; leverage MDBs/DFIs; refine international credit rating methodologies; improve access to finance for MSMEs.

Great Nicobar Infrastructure Project

• Overview
  • Great Nicobar Infrastructure Project (GNIP) launched in 2021 under NITI Aayog; executing agency: Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO).
  • Estimated cost: about $₹72{,}000 ext{ crore}$.
  • Main components: International Container Transshipment Terminal (Galathea Bay), Greenfield Airport, Gas-Powered Plant, Greenfield Township; total main components: $4$.
  • Strategic importance: near the Malacca Strait; supports India’s Act East policy and QUAD Indo-Pacific strategy; aims to reduce reliance on Singapore/Colombo ports.
• IIT Kanpur Warning & EIA Critique
  • IIT Kanpur warned about major earthquake and tsunami threats; criticized EIA for minimizing risks.
• Environmental & Social Concerns
  • Rampant deforestation; impact on Leatherback turtles in Galathea Bay; CRZ-1A coastal zone concerns; inadequate compensatory afforestation; indigenous Shompen livelihoods at risk; concerns over consultation and transparency.
• Geographic & Administrative Details
  • Location: Campbell Bay, Great Nicobar Island; 2nd-order ecological and geological vulnerabilities due to seismic activity; CRZ considerations.
• Policy & Governance
  • The project sits within India’s broader port/energy/infrastructure policy; debates around balancing strategic gains with environmental costs.

National Sports Policy 2025 & National Sports Governance Bill 2025

• NSP 2025 (Five Pillars / 5 Pillars: Khelo Bharat Niti)
  • Pillars: excellence on global stage; economic development; social development; sports as a people’s movement; integration with NEP 2020.
  • Focus areas: elite athlete development; grassroots to Olympics pipeline; governance of NSFs; sports tourism; gender inclusion; mass participation; school sports & PE teacher training; stadiums & school infrastructure; RTI compliance and transparency.
  • Private sector & technology integration: PPP, CSR funding, AI, data analytics, GPS wearables, etc.
  • Monitoring & evaluation: establish national KPIs with time-bound targets.
• NS Governance Bill 2025
  • Establishment of National Sports Bodies for recognized organizations: National Olympic Committee; National Paralympic Committee; National Sports Federation; Regional Sports Federations.
  • National Sports Board (NSB): apex administrative body to grant or withdraw NSF recognition; uniform governance standards; independent tribunal for disputes; bringing BCCI under NSF oversight; RTI compliance.
  • National Sports Tribunal: judicial body to resolve internal disputes; headed by a sitting/retired Supreme Court judge; other members from sports/public administration or law; appellate authority with Supreme Court.
  • Athlete-centric governance: mandatory athlete representation; transparent elections; anti-doping enforcement integrated with National Anti-Doping Agency; disputes governed by tribunals, with the Supreme Court as the appellate body.
• Implications
  • Aims to standardize governance across NSFs; reduce governance risk; ensure transparency; bring autonomy under public oversight; align with IOC norms.
  • Potentially limits past autonomy of major federations (e.g., BCCI) and strengthens athlete rights and accountability.

PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana, DDKY)

• Purpose & Coverage
  • An agriculture-focused scheme under the ADP framework; integrates $36$ central government schemes from $11$ ministries/departments; 100 districts targeted, with at least one district per state/UT.
• Focus Areas
  • Crop diversification; soil & water conservation; organic farming; self-reliance in agriculture; post-harvest improvements; irrigation; storage facilities; credit access.
• Data & Financing
  • Data bank highlights: agriculture contributes ext{8%} to India’s GVA (FY24); around 46.1 ext{%} of the population employed in agriculture and allied activities; India holds top/strong production rankings in milk, pulses, fruits, vegetables, tea, etc.
  • Annual financial outlay: $₹24{,}000 ext{ crore}$; duration: 6 years (FY 2025–26 onward).
• Selection Criteria & District Plans
  • Selection based on: low agricultural productivity; low cropping intensity; poor credit flow to agriculture; share of net cropped area and operational holdings in state.
  • Each selected district will prepare a customized Agricultural Development Plan via a District Dhan-Dhaanya Samiti.
• Related Initiatives
  • Agriculture Budget trends; Agricultural Infrastructure Fund (2020) supporting post-harvest infrastructure; PM-KISAN, PM-Fasal Bima Yojana, PM-Sinchaiee Yojana, E-NAM connectivity; Digital Agriculture Mission; KIRTI and other training programs.
• Digital Agriculture Mission & AgriStack (2024–2025)
  • Aims: Nodal ministry is Ministry of Agriculture (with IIS and NDAs involved); 3 pillars include Farmers’ Registry (digital identity for farmers, named Kisan ki Pehchaan), Crop estimation survey, Crop sown registry, Geo-referenced village maps, Crop registry, Krishi Decision Support System, Soil mapping; Crop yields measurement & data-driven policy.
• MSP (Minimum Support Price) Overview
  • MSP administration: fixed by Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA); recommendations by Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
  • Coverage: MSPs for $23$ crops (Kharif and Rabi) with MSP declarations for $25$ crops total.
  • Calculation framework: A2 (Actual Paid-Out Cost); FL (Family Labour); C2 (A2 + FL + notional rent on owned land + interest on fixed capital + rent for leased land).
  • Policy objective: provide a price support floor to farmers; ensure fair returns; avoid market volatility; support sustainable agricultural income.

Natural Farming and ZBNF (Zero Budget Natural Farming)

• What is Natural Farming?
  • A chemical-free farming method popularized by Masanobu Fukuoka (The One-Straw Revolution, 1975); emphasizes minimal external inputs.
• ZBNF (4 Pillars)
  • Jeevamruta: natural fertilizer from cow dung, urine, jaggery.
  • Whapasa: soil condition moisture balance concept.
  • Acchaadana (Mulching): retaining soil moisture.
  • Bijamrita: seed treatment with natural inputs (tobacco, neem, spices) to deter pests.
• Costs & Benefits
  • Lower input costs; reduced chemical use; higher nutrient density via natural processes; sustainable soil health and biodiversity.
• Comparison with Organic Farming
  • Organic farming uses external inputs and certification; often higher costs; natural farming emphasizes local resource use and indigenous knowledge; aims for zero external chemical inputs.
• Implications for Policy
  • Potential for smallholders to reduce input costs; align with sustainable agriculture and climate goals; risks include yield variability and the need for technical support.

Swachh Survekshan & Urban Sanitation (SBM Survekshan 2024–25)

• Swachh Survekshan 2024–25 Highlights
  • Framework revamped to 10 sections; added Grounding Indicators and City Transport Unit transformation.
  • Annual theme: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3R).
  • Focus areas: tourism zones, public spaces, school-level sanitation values.
  • New city classifications: Very Small (< $2{,}00{,}000$ population), Small ($2{,}00{,}000$-$5{,}00{,}000$), Medium ($5{,}00{,}000$-$3{,}00{,}000$), Big (3{,}00{,}000}-$10{,}00{,}000$), Million Plus (> $10{,}00{,}000$).
• Swachh City Partnership (Each One Clean One)
  • 78 top-performing SSL cities to mentor under-performing counterparts in their states.
• Accelerated Dumpsite Remediation Programme
  • Starting from $15 ext{ Aug 2025}$; 1-year initiative to fast-track legacy waste clearance and improve waste processing.
• Notable Recognitions
  • Swachh Mahakumbh Initiative (2025) at Prayagraj; Safaimitra Surakshit Shehar awards; Secunderabad Cantonment Cleanest Cantonment; Lucknow as 7-star garbage-free city; multiple tourism and cultural clean-city recognitions.

Delhi Fuel Ban for End-of-Life Vehicles (CAQM & Air Quality Management)

• Why in News?
  • Delhi implements fuel ban on end-of-life vehicles from $1$ July $2025$; defers some enforcement to $1$ Nov $2025$ due to cross-border fueling challenges and tech readiness.
• Background & Legal Basis
  • NGT directive (2015): diesel > $10$ years, petrol > $15$ years banned in Delhi NCR.
  • Supreme Court (2018): upheld NGT rulings; violators impounded.
  • End-of-Life Vehicles Rules 2025: mandatory scrapping within 180 days of expiry (effective April 1, 2025).
• Enforcement Mechanism
  • Automatic Number Plate Recognition cameras at fuel stations; cross-check with VAHAN database.
• BS Emission Norms
  • Bharat Stage (BS) emissions: current is BS-VI (not BS-V); end-of-life policy targets older diesel and petrol vehicles for removal.
• CAQM (Commission for Air Quality Management)
  • CAQM Act, 2021; jurisdiction over Delhi NCR (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, UP).
• Implications
  • Aims to curb PM2.5 and NOx; aligns with broader clean air goals; technological and cross-border fueling constraints must be addressed for effective implementation.

BRICS & Global Governance: Intra-BRICS Economics & Global South Focus

• BRICS Summary
  • BRICS members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa; BRICS+ includes new partners (Indonesia joined as full member; 10 new partners listed above).
  • New development and finance mechanisms: NDB (USD $100{,}000{,}000{,}000)$; CRA (USD $100{,}000{,}000{,}000)$; BRICS Pay; Cross-border payments pilot; BRICS Grain Exchange; BRICS Clear Depositary.
• Intra-BRICS Trade & Governance
  • Intra-BRICS trade share: roughly 2.2 ext{%} (illustrative value in the document); BRICS governance debates on IMF/WB reforms; push for global south representation.
• Global South & “Global South” concepts
  • Global South coined by Carl Oglesby in $1969$; Brandt Line concept (Willy Brandt, $1980s$) mapping rich vs. poor regions; 2024 Global South Summit hosted by India; 3rd voice of Global South Summit hosted in 2024.
• Sevilla & Global Financial Architecture
  • Sevilla Commitment aims to overcome debt crises, bridge SDG finance gaps; debt swaps, debt-for-development; blended finance; progressive taxation; international cooperation revisions.
• India’s BRICS Stance & Future Leadership
  • India to chair BRICS Summit in $2026$; pushes for broader representation in global institutions; de-dollarization; climate finance; digital governance.

UNESCO World Heritage & Cultural Heritage: Maratha Military Landscapes

• UNESCO Recognition (2024–25 cycle)
  • Maratha Military Landscapes recognised as UNESCO World Heritage Site; 12 forts primarily in $Maharashtra$ and 1 in $Tamil Nadu$ (Gingee Fort).
  • Maharashtra forts include Salher, Shivneri, Lohgad, Khanderi, Raigad, Rajgad, Pratapgad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala, Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg; Tamil Nadu fort Gingee Fort.
• Context on UNESCO & India
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre; 44 WHS sites in India (36 cultural, 7 natural, 1 mixed).
  • India’s first WHS recognition (1983): Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, Ajanta Ellora Caves (and later others like Dholavira).
  • U.S. historically withdrawn from UNESCO twice (1984, 2017) and planned exit in $2026$; 3rd/4th withdrawal context discussed.
• Process & Governance
  • Nodal agency in India: Archaeological Survey of India; decision-making guided by ICOMOS and IUCN; final decision by World Heritage Committee.
• Implications
  • Highlights India’s diverse heritage and resilience; reflects global cooperation on cultural preservation; potential geopolitical signaling with U.S. disengagement from UNESCO.

International Year of Cooperatives 2025 & National Cooperatives Policy 2025

• IYC 2025 & Policy Overview
  • International Year of Cooperatives proclaimed by United Nations; ICA Global Conference in New Delhi; National Cooperation Policy 2025 unveiled as a major reform of cooperative governance since 2002.
  • Target: empower cooperatives to contribute significantly to GDP and inclusive development; align with Sahkar-se-Samriddhi vision.
• India’s Cooperative Ecosystem & Institutions
  • Ministry of Cooperation (established around 2021); National Cooperative Development Corporation (1963); National Cooperative Policy 2025 (20-year policy 2025–2045).
  • National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation (NUCFDC) as self-regulatory body for urban co-ops.
  • White Revolution 2.0; Margdarshika Plan (formation of 2 Lakh multipurpose primary agricultural credit societies); large-scale grain storage in the cooperative sector.
• Policy Targets & Structure
  • Policy aims: triple the contribution of the cooperative sector to India's GDP by 2034; expand the number of cooperatives by ~30 ext{%}; establish model cooperative villages per tehsil; develop at least one cooperative unit in every village.
  • Emerging sectors: tourism, hospitality, insurance, renewable energy; 10-year reform cadence to align laws with socio-economic shifts.

International & National Miscellany

• Pact for the Future (Global Governance)
  • India reaffirmed support at the UN for a global pact emphasizing inclusive multilateralism, digital equity, human rights, gender equality, and SDG alignment.
  • Components include a Global Digital Compact; Declaration on Future Generations; calls for reform of global governance institutions; youth and intergenerational equity.
• Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
  • EU policy to curb carbon leakage via carbon tariffs on imports; sectors initially covered include cement, aluminium, fertilisers, iron and steel, hydrogen, electricity.
  • India & other developing economies face export-cost implications; CBAM may push adoption of cleaner technologies and transparent carbon accounting.
• India-UK Vision 2035
  • A long-term strategic partnership; BRISK alliance for business, research, innovation, science & knowledge; broader cooperation on trade, tech, education; multilateral reform.
• Great Nicobar Project (revisited)
  • The Great Nicobar project is positioned as a strategic component of India’s maritime & defense posture; connects to broader port infrastructure under Maritime India Vision.
• Global Digital & Sustainable Finance Initiatives
  • Sevilla 4D: Global finance reform; debt structuring; climate justice; blended finance; debt swaps for development.
• Other Notable Global/National Data Points (highlights)
  • India’s digital/infrastructure push: Digital Agriculture Mission; AgriStack; KIRTI; PM-KISAN; PM-Fasal Bima Yojana; E-NAM network expansions; 100 districts coverage under DDKY.
  • Delhi NCR air quality governance: CAQM Act; GRAP protocols; AQI categories; national clean air program objectives; NCAP progress (target to reduce PM levels by 40 ext{%} by 2026 in 131 non-attainment cities).
  • World Peace Index 2025: India ranked $115$; global peace trends indicate region-wide security dynamics in South Asia.

Quick Practice & Exam-Oriented Notes

• Practice questions included in the issue cover: dates, countries, trade volumes, and structural constitutional questions (e.g., Vice-President elections, Rajya Sabha composition, and removal processes).
• Several practice items test knowledge on: ACTUAL data (e.g., $2025$ events), functional governance (e.g., NSB, NDSA), and major policy provisions (MSP, NSP 2025, Cooperative Policy).
• Weave across: geopolitics (BRICS, NAM, BRICS+, SCO), economics (NDB, CRA, BRICS Pay), and governance (parliamentary rules, impeachment mechanisms, and constitutional provisions).

Equations & Numerical References (LaTeX)

• PM Modi 5 Nations Visit: $2 ext{ to } 9$ July $2025$
• Argentina shale gas reserves ranking: $2^{nd}$ largest shale gas reserves (as referenced)
• Argentina trade with India (2024): $5.2 ext{ billion USD}$
• MERCOSUR founding year: $1991$
• Brazil-India bilateral trade target (5 years): $20 ext{ billion USD}$
• BRICS CRA capacity: $100 ext{ billion USD}$
• NDB capacity: $100 ext{ billion USD}$
• Great Nicobar project cost: $₹72{,}000 ext{ crore}$
• NSP 2025 outlay: $₹24{,}000 ext{ crore}$
• DDKY outlay: $₹24{,}000 ext{ crore}$
• End-of-life vehicle ban enforcement effective date: $2025-11-01$ (deferral)
• SSL city ranking criteria: top-three at least once in past 3 years and top 20% by population category
• Population classification thresholds (new Swachh Survekshan system): Very Small (< $2 ext{ Lakh}$), Small ($2 ext{ Lakh} ext{ to } 5 ext{ Lakh}$), Medium ($5 ext{ Lakh} ext{ to } 3 ext{ Lakh}$), Big ($3 ext{ Lakh} ext{ to } 10 ext{ Lakh}$), Million Plus (>$10 ext{ Lakh}$)

Notes: The above notes capture the major and several minor points across the July 2025 Law Prep Tutorial issues as provided. They are organized to help you study by topic, connect themes across geography, governance, and policy, and retain specific numerical data and dates that frequently appear in CLAT/current-affairs questions.