Chapter 13 - Personality

  • they are long-standing

  • THEY ARE CHORNIC. they come in childhood and continue through adulthood, they are pervsive. ex. paranoid personality disorder, suspcious of EVERYTHING. jobs, friends, coworkers.

  • personality disorder —> presistnet pattern of emotions, cognitons, behaviours that results inenduring emotional rdistress for those affedted, and difficulties iwth work and relationships

    • pattern of emotins, cogntions, behaviours that lead to distress + impairment in functioning

    • distress is either to them or to others

  • 10 specific personality disorder

  • tehy do poorly in treatment

  • if you come in depressed, u do worse if you have a personality disorder as well

AXIS I —> traditioanl disorders, depression, anxiety ,schizophrenia, mood. ACUTE, EPISODIC.

AXIS II —> personaity disrders + intellectual disaiblities

AXIS III —> chronic illnesses that make tehse worse, or just injuries that make this worse

AXIS IV —>O psychosical problems that make this worse

AXIS V —> overall functioning

this version of dsm work best on dimensional modelsbecause theyre extremes of personality traits (ex. shyness TO THE EXTREME)

its not “you have depresson or not”, its on scales

3 advantages of dimensional model over categorical model

  1. would retain more info about each indivudal

  2. be more flexible cause it allows for variations among indivduals

  3. avoid arbitrary decisions involved in assinging someone to a diagnostic category

alt model: continuum of disturbances to self and interpsonal funcitoning, being investgiated.

BIG 5

  • CANOE, OCEAN

  • extraversion (talkative), agreeablness (kind, trusting), conscientiousness (organized), neuroticism (temperamental), openness (imaginative, curious)

  • opposite ends (silent + reserved, hostile + selfish, negligent + unreliable, even-tempered, shallow + imperceptive)

findings: young adults in turkey have higher levels of C and E than those in china…

  • tryna find it people with persoanity disrders can also be rated in a meaningful way along big 5 and whether this system will help us better understand the disorders

PERSONALITY DISORDER CLUSTERS

  • CLUSTER A: ODD, ECCENTRIC (mad)

  • CLUSTER B: DRAMATIC, EMOTIONAL (bad)

  • CLUSTER C: ANXIOUS, FEARFUL (sad)

mad, bad, sad

  • CLUSTER A

    • paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

      • paranoid —> sus of everyone, theyre out to get them. more like “my boss is spying on me, my coworker is trying to get me to fail, my girlfriend is cheating on me” tahn “the turkey is poisoned, they’re hiring a hitman”. they fit in REALITY. delusions are a break from reality, like “the government implanted a chip in me” vs “the government is spying on us through the phones”

      • schizoid —> detachment from social relatoinships and limited emotional expression. think ryan gosling in that movie we say in class. bro did not wanna go meet his neighbours and he had liek no facial expressions.

      • schizotypal —> eccentric, odd, and uncomfortable in close relationships. ex, mismatched socks, flamboyant clothing, talks about communicating telepathically with strangers. theyre just described as odd or eccentric, in clothing and beliefs. think lily from sex education! she dresses eccentrically and writes about alien sex, goes hunting for crop circles, BUT these ppl aslo are uncomfy in relationshipsand more just in their head. obvi she doenst acc have this, but just a general treademark. think a conspiracy theoriest whos obsessed with them and doesnt really have freinds.

  • CLUSTER B

    • borderline, narcisstic, histrionic, antisocial

      • borderline: instable in emotions. highs and lows. mood swings triggered by relationships. fear of abandoment, impulsivity, unstable self-image

        • bipolar, mood episodes not due to triggers. the mood episodes last dyas to weeks, its mood cycling bcz of biological factors.

      • narcissistic

      • histrionic

      • antisocial

difference between personality disorders + other diosrders:

its the course they run!! personality disorders are chronic, from childhood to adulthood. delusions and other disordesr are more acute or episodic, with omre specific triggers or an aiblity to go “oh yeah tommy wasn’t always like this, this is when he started doing this”

of those with clubster b disorders, 27% of women had mood disorders, and 27% of men had substance related disorders

ALL TEN PERSONALITY DISORDERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH SUBSTANCE USE PROBLEMS!!!!!1

have any diagnoses was associated with more suicide pattempts, trouble at work, problems with relationships

cluster a and b associated with physical diseases as well (cardiovasculuar and arthritis)

we don’t know much about course of some personality disorders, but we do know they have a developmental course. but we’re not sure wehen they start, cause tehy dont seek help during early stage, they do after years of distress. BPD, die by suicide 50x higher than general population, but if they reach 30s, symptoms gradually improve.

when patient was labelled as man, most gave the right diagnosis!! when labelled as a woman, most people said histrionic instead of antiscial!! cause historicic is atteniton seeking and excessive emotionality!! GENDER BIAS IN OUR HEALTHCARE.

criterion gender bias —> CRITERIA IS BIASED

assesment gender bias —> THE WAY ITS ADMINISTERED IS BIASED., OR THE MEAURES THEMSELVES.

COMORBIDITY WITH PERSONALITY DIOSRDERS

  • BPD, comorbid with paranoid persoanlity disorder

  • do ppl acc have more than one or our our definitons bad?

PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER

  1. pervasive unjustified distrust

  2. CAN BE COMORBID WITH DELUSIONAL DISORDER!!!

  3. PPD, highly suspcious but not delusional…

  4. paranoid schizophrenia, and PPD is that schizophrenia involves PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS while paranoid persoanltiy disorder DOES NOT.

CAUSES FOR PPD

  • relationship with schizophrenia, so some are like “get rid of it entirely”

  • early mistreatment or traumatic childhood experiences shaping belief that the wrold is very dangerous and you must be very cautious

  • maladaptive way to view the world rooted in “ppl are deceptive and mean the worst”, “you can only trust yourself and you must always be on guard”

  • cultural factors!! prisoners, refugees, ppl with hearing impairments, older adults more susceptible bcz of htier own expeirences and vulnerabiliteis to the world (ex. refugees and war, ppl talking behind ur bck if u can’t hear super well, older adults are more frail, thinking someone is luaging at you when ur a self conscious immigrant)

TREAMTNET OF PPD

  • unlikely to seek help cause u need to trust the therapist

  • if they seek help its cause of anxiety or depression, not this

SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER

  • A LONER

  • pattern of detachment from soicla relationships

  • limited range of emotions in interpersonal stiutiaotns

  • aloof, cold, indifferent, literally a loner.

  • observers rather than participants in the world

  • paranoid and schizoptypal think “omg that person smiled at me, they’re spying on me” vs this ones like “im just like here dude, im npc core yk”

  • negative symptoms —> inactive manifestations of social isolation

schizoid personality disorder diagnostic criteria

A. detachment from social relationships

  1. doesnt desire or enjoy close relationships

  2. almost alwyas chooses solitary activities

  3. little interest in sexual expeirences

  4. pleaure in few activities

  5. lacks close friends

  6. indifferent to praise

  7. emotional coldness

B. not bcz of schizophrenia, bipolar, depressive disorder, psyhcoic disorder, ASD, drugs

IF THIS IS MET BEFORE SCHIZOPHRENIA, ITS PREMORBID.

CAUSES

  • childhood shyness

  • inherited persoanlity trait

  • abuse + neglect

  • autism and schizoid occur together a lot

  • biological dysfunction in both autism and schizoid combines with early learning or early problems making friends to make schzoid personality later

    • DOPAMINE IMPLICATED WTH ALOOFNESS OF PPL WITH SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER

TREATMNET

  • they dont request treatment for this, they do for like depression

  • therapists TEACH EMPATHY

  • social sklls were never establihsed or havent been rpacticed, so its social skills training thorugh role playing as a friend so they can learn how to be integrated into society socially safely

SCHIZOTYPAL PERSOANLITY DISORDER

  • odd, eccentric

  • continuum of schizophrenia without hallucinations and delusions iw hat some people think

  • bcz of this, dsm is under personailty disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorder

DIAGNOSITIC CRITERIA FOR SCHIZOTYPAL (maybe think an eccentric walking magic trick, but like socially anxious bcz of paranoia)

  • ideas of reference (“they might be laughing at me but maybe not” vs “oh my god they are abolutely laughing at me” realty is sitll intact here, which seperates it from dleusions of reference)

    • CAN ACKNOWLEDGE ITS UNLIKELY!! REALITY IS INTACT.

  • odd beliefs or magic thinking (ex. superstitiousness, clairboyance, telepathy, sixth sense)

  • unusual perceptual expeirences (bodily illusions)

    • feeling as if theres someone in the room WHCH IS WAYYY LESS SEVERE THAN SAYING THERE IS SOMETHING IN THAT ROOM ABSOLUTELY LIKE YOU WOULD IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. like a much milder version of it.

  • odd thinking and speech

  • suspciousness, paranoia

  • inappropriate affect

  • odd behavour and appearnce

  • lack of close friends

  • LOTS OF SOCIAL ANXIETY. COMES FROM PARANOID FEARS NOT SELF JUDGMENTS.

NEED TO TAKE IN CULTURAL CONTEXT!!!!! PRACTICING VOODOO OR MIND READING IS UNUSAUL IN WESTERN CONTEXTS, BUT ITS PERFECTLY NORMAL IN SOME CONTEXTS.

Causes of schizotypal disorder

  • some believe its cause u have genes predisposing you to schizophrenia but bcz of not enogh stress and factors around you, you have the less severe disorder (thats how it shows up, you have the genotype, ur phenotype is milder)

  • many characteristics of this disorder are milder forms of schizophrenia disorders

  • genetic influence, exposure to influenza during pregnancy increases chance of schizotypal PD in children

  • MRI points to brain differences in ppl with schizotypal PD

  • ppl wtih high magical ideation made more conections with random words (not so loose loose associaitons)

TREATMNET

  • they request help for anxiey tor deprssion, but not for this

  • comorbid with MDD even years later

  • medical and psychological treatments for depression (SSRIs, CBT)

  • now new treatments surround antipsychotics, cbt, social skills training to AVOID ONSTE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA!!!!! bcz remember!! this is still on the spectrum!! if they take antipsychotics, do their cbt, and do their social skills training, it may not develop into full fledged schizophrenia

CLUSTER B DISORDERS

  • antisocial persoanlity disorder

    • STEALING, MURDER

    • irresponsible, impulsive, deceitful

    • manipulative, charming, leaving behind broken hearts, shattered expectations, empty wallets

    • take what tehy want, as they please, NO GUILT OR REMORSE.

  • psychopathy (ppl with antisocial persoanlity disoder)

    • little fear for themselves

    • think that serial killer video we watched

    • NO REMORSE

    • do things that hurt other ppl and not care cause it didnt hurt them

    • do things just cause they want to, it amused them, they were bored

    • dig up graves, dont care for those ppl or their families

    • hurt ppl make them distressed, don’t care how that affects them

    • violate the rights of others

    • lie and cheat all the time

    • no remorse or concern for their actions

    • 2x as likely to die in an unnatural death bzc of reckless behaviour

  • debate of if psychopathy and antisocial are distinct disorders

  • these traits predict future delinquent behaviour and higher IQ protects some from getting caught

  • earlier versions focused on observable behaviours, but this one is more about deceitfulness, impulsivity and lack of remorse (as opposed to repeatedly chagning partners and homes bcz those are conseuqences of their actions, than stuff tehyre acc doing)

diagnostic criteria

  • occuring since 15 years old, 3 or more of following. indivudal has to be 18 btw to be diagnosed. evidence of conduct disorder before 15 is also there, and its not bcz of bipolar of schzophrenia.

    • failure to conform to social norms with respect to law

    • deceitfulness

    • impulsivity

    • irritability

    • recklessness

    • irresponsiblity

    • lack of remorse

DEVELOPMENTAL NATURE

  • conduct disorder (engagement n behaviours that violate society’s norms) —> childhood onset, or adolescent onset (at least 1 criterion characersitic before age 10, absence of at least one before 10)

  • with callous-unemotinal presentation is newly introduced IN CONDUCT DISORDER, similar to how adults with psychopathy present.

  • many with conduct disorder become invovled iwth drugs and crime

  • high impulsivity and ow empathy, stable pattern of physical aggresion, theft, and vandalism

  • many with this disorder had conduct disorder as a kid

    • if you had CD and ADHD risk increases to get this personality disorder

GENETIC INFLUENCES

  • if parents had a hsitory of ASPD, and they had stress in their lives, higher risk for conduct problems (think conducting yourself)

  • interaction between genetic and environmental influences

NEUROBIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES

  • nerospychological tests find there are specific cognitive deficits that may contribute to ASPD

    • executive functions + attention-related abilties

    • deficits in abilityt o maintain plan and inhbiit irrelevant info

    • executive cognitive function is a factor in psychopathy

2 MAJOR NEUROBIOLOGICAL THEORIES

  1. underarousal hypothesis

    1. low levels of cortical arousal

    2. Yerkes-Dodson curve (the arousal curve!!!!

      1. the finding that those with too high or too low elvels of arousal expeience negative affect!!

    3. theory that low levels of cortiical arousal CAUSE risk-taking behaviours and antisoical ones TO INCREASE STIMULATION!!!!!

    4. ex. digging up graves, lying, and takindg drugs to get the same arousal one does from hanging out with a friend

    5. perhaps excessive theta waves when awake

    6. cortical immaturity hypothesis

      1. some say that the cerebral cortex is at primitive stage of development, which may explain why behaviour of ppl with psychopathy is childlike and impulsive ITS JUST NOT DEVELOPED ENOUGH!!! BUUTTTTTTTTTTTTT TEHY CAN PLAN SO WE’RE ACC NOT SURE.

    7. theta waves —> high bordeom, so higher ones mean no anxiety…..

  1. fearlessness hypothesis

    1. unafraid to go to dangerous neighbourhoods to go buy drugs

    2. just not scared dude

    3. galvanic skin response (sweating, autonomic arousal), when given electric shock, just didnt really have a response, didnt really fear the incoming shock

ANOTHER ONE

  • psychopathy might involve difficulty associating certain cues or signals with impeding punishment

  • ex. threatening stare has like no effect on kids predispose to psychopathy, so they dont get a well-dveloped capacity for impulse control

  • being maltreated as a kid

  • also buildup of MAOA neurotransmitter.

  • interactino between genes and enviornment (maltreated plus MAOA vs maltreated no MAOA, MAOA but no maltreatment)

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL DIMENSIOS

  • set their sights on a reward goal that isnt deterred no matter signs that its no longer achievable

  • failure to abandon an unattainable goal

  • aggression in children may escalate bcz of interactions with parents

  • a type of parenting where parents give into what the kid wants is associated with uncallous, unemtional traits that turn into psychopathy

  • child learns they just can keep screaming and theyll eventually win

  • parents inept monitoring of activites and less parental involvment plays a factor

  • high degree of mutaual trust in a neighbourhood, less vioelnt crime

  • high stress, more likely to engage in violence

  • turning off emotions when traumatized as a coping mechanisms

  • higher psychopathy associated with expeirence of physicla abuse

INTEGRATIVE MODEL

  • genetic vulnerabilty: underarousal or fearlessnesss

  • interaction style that encourages antisocial behaviour

  • this alienaates normal children and attracts others who act the same

  • now dropping out of school, cant hold down a job, stress from life, lash out against society

TREATMENT

  • manipulative, dont try to get treatment for this

  • poor progonisis

  • CBT can reduce likelihood of violence 5 years after treatment!!!

  • but higher scre on psychopathy trait, less succesful in refraining from violence, but cbt helps!!

  • parent training to recognize behaivour problems ealry, use praise to reduce this and encourage prosocial behaviours

  • family dysfunction, socioeocnomic disadvantage, high family stress, parent history of antisocial behaviour, severe CD all play a role

PREVENTION

  • good parenting skills!

  • supports for poro and not well connected families

  • prevention over treatment for thsi disorder

BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER

  • mods and relationships are unstable

  • poor self-image

  • high risk of killing themselves

  • feel empty

  • “you’re walking too fast, you don’t wnat to be seen with me!!” —> low self image, unstable emotions

  • other times desperate to be with them

  • freuqently cut tehmselves, big self-harmers

  • 10% die by suicide

  • intense anger to deep depression in a short time

  • impulsive

  • substance misuse, cutting themselves

  • feeling empty, chronically bored, undsure about their own identities

  • COMORBID WITH MDD, BIPOLAR II, EATING DISORDERS, SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER

  • substance use to cope

  • men abuse partners bcz they blame partenres for wehn things go long as well as having excessively high standards

CAUSES OF BPD

  • more prevlanet in familes

  • linked with mood disorders

  • limibc network, emotional regulation, serotonin

  • low serotonin —> difficulty regulating mood, high impulsivity

  • those with bpd are quicker to recognize negative emotions

  • when words related to the disorder were presented to them, they remembered omre even tho they were supposed to forget them. memory bias.

  • role of early trauma, sexual and physical as predisposing factors, but also stress

  • simialr to PTSD, reuglation of mood, impusle control, interpresonal relationships

  • some say bpd may just be ptsd amongst women, and ptsd puts emphasis on victimzation of women rather than mental illness

  • these symptoms observed in those that go through rapid cultural changes (child + adult immigrants, bcz of early trauma)

  • childhood trauma + predisposing temperament + stresssful trigger event

  • those abused as children without disorder may not have biological predisposion, and might just be volatile/impulsive

TREATMENT OF BPD

  • tricyclic antidepressants, lithium, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants

  • many symptoms of BPD respond favourable to antipsychotics

  • CBT, and DBT

  • HTIS IS THE DBT ONE!!!!! THE ONE WITH TEH MASSIVE DBT INTENSIVE CONSTNATLY ON CALL 2 YEAR ONE!!

  • weekly indivdual sessions, dientify and regulate emotions, can handle difficulties more effectively, similar treatment to ptsd (reexperiencing traumatic events, clients trust their own responses, sometimes visualizing themselves not reacing to criticism)

  • DBT reduces suicide attempts, LESS SUICIDE ATTEMPTS, LESS ANGRY, BETTER ADJUSTED SOCIALLY

  • LESS DEPRSSION, MORE HOPE, LESS ANGER, LESS DISSOCIAITON

DBT has eastern practices LIKE MINDFULNESS!!!! teaches someone to experience stresful thoughts in arelaxed manner, accept them as natural but not dangerous,

DBT

  • emotional regulation

  • mindfulness

  • distress tolerance

  • improving interpersonal effectivenss

    • DEAR MAN —> describe, express, assert, reinforce to ask for support without sounding accusatory

HISTRIONIC PERSAONLITY DISODER

  • flamboyant! go through relationships relatively quickly!!

  • self-centered

  • uncomfortable when not in the limelight

  • seductive in appearnce and behaviour

  • very concerned about appearance

  • seek reassurance and approval constnatly

  • become upset or angry when others dont attend to them or praise them

  • impulsive, great difficulty delaying gratification

  • inclined to express emotions in overstated fasion ex. hugging someone they just met, or crying uncontrollably during a sad movie.

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

  1. uncomfy in situations where theyre not the center of attention

  2. sexually seductive behaviour

  3. rapid shifting of emotons, shallow expression

  4. physical apperance used to draw ppl in

  5. impressionistic speech

  6. self dramatizatio, theatricality

  7. suggestible

  8. oncsiders relationship to be more intimate than they are

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BPD AND HISTIROJNIC ARE

BPD is emotinal instablity and fear of refjection, while HPD is attneiton seeking and theatrics. they do see more intimacy in realtionships, but thats the focus, theyre not necessarily afraid of abandonment.

COGNITIVE STYLE OIF HISTRIONIC

  • impressionistic (like litearlly think impressionism)

  • BLACK AND WHITE THINKING. GLOBAL . VAGUE SPEECH. “omg the date was amazing!!!!!!” but no details.

  • overdramatization, vanity, seductiveness, overconr with physical aperance —> western world’s classic woman, so yk, overdiagnosis on the basis of bias.

CAUSES

  • greeks said hysteria

  • possible relationship with ASPD

  • comorbid!!!!!!

  • some say antisocial may be men, and histrionic may be women but its the same thing!!

  • just sex-typed alternative expressions of hte same unidentified underlying condition, but bpd is also thoguth of as the same so more research needed!!!!

TREATMENT

  • focus on problematic interpersonal relationships

  • need to be taught more appropriate ways of negotating wants and needs than literally manipulating them, which is good in shrot term and bad long term

NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER

  • obsessed with themselves, but acc really really inseure

  • exaggerated sense of self importance, preoccupied with receiving atteniton

  • need someone to flatter them

  • need to be in a group social situation where they can easily grab the center of attention

  • attentino-getting wardrobe but focus is on their own “eliteness”

  • require and expect a great deal of special attention

    • best table at restaurant

    • vip section at concert

  • use others for their own gain, little empathy

  • extreme envy, arorgance

  • lack sensitivity and compassion for others

  • unreaonable sense of self im[portnce

CAUSES

  • infants are self-centered and demanding

  • socialization involves teacing children empathy

  • some believe NPD comes fro failure of empathic “mirroring” by parentings

  • so children remain focused on themselves

  • emphasis on short term hedonism is western culture

  • “me, me, me” generation

  • indreasing in prevalence

  • psychopaths and narcissists share high disagreeablenesss, and are self-enahcncers but thats all they share

TREATMNET

  • focus on grandisoity, hyeprsnestvity to evaluaiton, lack of empathy towards others

  • cognitive therapy to replace fantasies wtih day to day expeirences that are attainable

  • relaxation training to deal with criticism

  • vulenrable to severe depressive eispdes, so the often come in for that

CLUSTER C DISORDRES

  • avoidant

    • extremely sensitive to opinions of others

    • desire social relationships

    • anxiety leads them to avoid associations

    • low self esteem, fear of rejection, “newspaper person didnt smile at them, OH MY GOD ITS BECAUS EOF ME”

    • tehse ppl are not like schizoid! they’re not flat and distant, theyre just shared shitnless

      CAUSES

      • linked to other schizophrenia related disoders

      • parental rejection, low self esteem,

      • those with this remember parents as being very rejecting, but its a retrospective study, so be cautious of bias there

      • seimilar to social anxiety disorder so its part of soical anxiety specturj

    • HIGH BEHAVIOURAL INHIBITION FOR THOSE IN CLUSTER C DISORDERS

diagnostic criteria for avoidant

  • avoids actiivites that involve inteprreosnal contact bcz fear of criticism, idisapproval, rejection

  • unwilling to get involved iwth ppl unless its guaranteed thyell be liked

  • restraint within intimate relaitonshpis

  • preoccupied wth being critized or rejected in social sitautions

  • inhibted in interpersonal situations bcz of feelings of inadequacy

  • views self as socially inept

  • reluctant to take personal reisks

TREATMNET OF AVOIDANT

  • social skills training within a support group like with social anxiety disorder

  • similar to SAD, so lots of similarities in treatmnet here

  • CBT, expoure to feared situations

  • meds: benzos, SSRIs, MAOs

  • therapeutic alliance super important

DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER

  • unreasoanble fear of abandonment

  • rely on others for EVERYTHING

  • super self critical

  • think they’re dumb, uncapable

  • prefer to have others maek their decisions

  • worry about being left alone wtihout anyone to take care of them

  • sensitivity to criticism

  • trouble starting things themselves bcz of lack fo self-confidence in jugment

  • unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of themselves

  • once one relationship end,seeks another to care for them

FEAR OF ABANDONMENT. feelings of inadequacy, sensitivyt to criticms, need for reassurance.

avoidant —> avoid relationsihps

dependent —> cling to relationships

in some cultures, dependence and submission are desired interpersonal states

CAUSES

  • genetic influences

  • physiological factors underlying genetic influences and interaction of genes and environmnt is unclear

SOCIOTROPY

  • pesronaltiy orientation of strong investment in positive soial interactions

  • AUTUONOMY

    • storng investment in independence ofrom tohers

  • dependent, and avoidant, scored higher in sociotropy measure than autonomy measure

TREATMENT

  • ideal patients

  • submissive

  • BUT. the point of them is to make them more inndependent so submissiveness is bad. therapy helps them develop confident in ability to make decisoins

CONCEPT CHECK 13.2

  1. paranoid personality disorder

  2. histrionic personality disorder

  3. antisocial persoanlity disorder

  4. avoidant personality disorder

OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER

  • fixation on things being done the right way

  • have a whole ass dissertation to do, but you like select the font sizes for 3 hours, and organize things, and enter references. just not making progress cause you’re caught up on things being done juuust hte right way

  • RIGID. NO OBSESSIVE THOGUTHS AND COMPULSIVE DIOSRDERS!!! ITS MORE AOBUT RIGIDITY!!!!!

  • preoccupation with details, rules, list..., perfectionism that interferes with task completion, devoted to work, overconscientious, cant discard worn out things that dont have sentimental value, reluctant to delegate tasks, adopt a miserly style towards self, money is to be hoarded for future catastrohpies, rigidity and stubborness

QUESTION: COMORBID WITH OCD PERCHANCE?

super prealent!! most prevalent i think

CAUSES NAD TREATMENT

  • procrdastinate, ruminatie about everyting

  • therapists help indvidal relax, frame compulsive thoughts, deal with perfectionism, CBT can be effective in terating perfectionism

  • moderate genetic contribution, some are predsposed to favouring structure, but parental reinfrocement of conformity adn neatness may play arole

PERSONALITY DISORDERS UNDER STUDY

  • sadistic PD → receive pleasure by inflicting pain on others

  • passive aggressive PD —> defiant, refuse to cooperate with requests

  • goal to create dimensions of differnet personality traits along Big 5 rather than specific disorders here DIDNT MATERIALIZE BCZ OF DIFFICULTY IN MAKING DIAGNOSIS, AND PROBLEMS IN USING INFO TO DESIGN TREATMNETS

  • biggest changes proposed was to eliminate 5 of them to identify them with specific traits bcz of lack of specific reserch

  • but they decided to keep and leave for later LOL.

CONCEPT CHECK 13.3

  1. narcissistic (b)

  2. dependent (a)

  3. obsessive compulsive (c )

  4. histrionic (e)

CONCEPT CHECK 13.1

  1. schizoid

  2. antisocial

  3. paranoid

  4. borderline

SCHIZOID VS SCHIZOTYPAL

  • both cluster A

  • schizoid: lack of interest in social relationships, cold, deatched

  • schizotypal: eccentric, uncomfy in social settings BUT WISH FOR SOCILA CONTACT, social anxiety

difference here is that for schizoid they DONT SEEEK interactions with ppl. they just dont want them. so thats why its schizoid not schizotypal!!