Week 4- Psych 105 (Development & Language)

Development

• Teratogens

  • something that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in a developing embryo or fetus upon exposure. Teratogens include some medications, recreational drugs, tobacco products, chemicals, alcohol, certain infections

• Habituation Procedure

  • infants are repeatedly presented with one (or more) stimulus and their looking time is recorded (other behaviors, such as sucking

• Cognitive Development

  • the process by which people learn to think, understand, and perceive the world around them

• Schemas

  • a knowledge structure that allows the brain to more easily understand the world and how we should act in it

• A not B affect

  • Babies of 10 months or younger typically make the perseveration error, meaning they look under box "A" even though they saw the researcher move the toy under box "B", and box "B" is just as easy to reach. Piaget called this phenomenon A-not-B error.

• Failure to Conserve

  • Children make the conservation error when they fail to recognise that an object can conserve its main qualities despite a change in its appearance.

• Deductive Reasoning

  • a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions.

• The Heinz Dilemma

  • The Heinz dilemma is a frequently used example used to help us understand Kohlberg's stages of moral development. As mentioned above, the dilemma is about a man whose wife is dying and there is one very expensive treatment option for her that Heinz cannot afford

Language

• Language is a system of communication that follows rules (grammar) to convey meaning

• Aphasia

  • A language disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate.

    It can occur suddenly after a stroke or head injury, or develop slowly from a growing brain tumor or disease.

• Broca’s Area

  • involved in the expressive aspects of spoken and written language

• Wernicke area

  • located in Brodmann area 22, the posterior segment of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere.

• Phonetics & Phonology

  • Phonetics is the study of the production and perception of speech sounds, and phonology concerns the study of more complex and abstract sound patterns and structures

• Syntax

  • The study of how the brain organizes sentences from smaller phrases and words.

• Pragmatics

  • a subfield of linguistics that deals with how context affects the interpretation of language.

• Universal Grammar

  • the idea that human languages, as superficially diverse as they are, share some fundamental similarities, and that these are attributable to innate principles unique to language: that deep down, there is only one human language.

• Labial Consonants

  • are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator

• Sloppy Speech

  • unsystematic or overly informal, which is mostly how we interact on a daily basis. When we present or talk in front of a larger audience, it is always expected that we are organised.