Science Exam Notes

  • Laboratory Equipment: Identification and functions.

  • Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom.

  • Periodic Table: Includes noble gases and halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine).

  • Valence Electrons: Electrons in the outermost shell.

  • Bunsen Burner: Air hole position affects flame use.

  • Electron Arrangement: Example – Oxygen (atomic number 8) has 2 electron shells.

  • Pressure in Liquids: Increases with depth; highest pressure in gas-filled containers.

  • Gases: Shape of container; snowshoes decrease pressure by increasing surface area.

  • Volume Measurement: Using cylinders; calculations: volume=massdensityvolume = \frac{mass}{density}, Pressure=ForceAreaPressure = \frac{Force}{Area}.

  • Relative Density: Mass=Density×VolumeMass = Density \times Volume.

  • Cell Biology: Mitochondria, nucleus, functions of plant vs. animal cells, excretion, microscopic techniques.

  • Life Processes & Yeast: Observations of changes in life processes (MRS GREN).

  • Cell Transport & Diffusion: Water movement across membranes and effects of solutions on cells.

  • Density & Pressure: Relationships and calculations for density and pressure exerted by various objects in different scenarios.