BIOL 2402 - Exam #4 Review Notes

Exam #4 Review Notes

Key Terms - Urinary System

• Micturition: The act of eliminating urine from the bladder; voiding; urination.
• Ureter: Muscular-lined tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder.
• Renal Calculi: Kidney stones.
• Urgency: A feeling to void the bladder immediately.
• Nephrons: Microscopic functional units of the kidney that form urine via filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
• Urethra: Mucus membrane-lined tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body.
• Calyx: Cuplike urine collection cavity found in the kidney.
• Medulla: Inner region of the kidney.
• Urinary Bladder: Hollow muscular sac that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine.
• Nephrolithiasis: Painful condition caused by kidney stones obstructing the flow of urine.

Blood Supply of the Kidneys (Flow Chart)

Renal Artery → Segmental Artery → Interlobar Artery → Arcuate Artery → Interlobular Artery → Afferent Arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent Arteriole → Peritubular Capillaries → Interlobular Vein → Arcuate Vein → Interlobar Vein → Renal Vein

Urinary System Components & Functions

• The adrenal gland is NOT a component of the urinary system.
• Kidneys Functions:
  • Regulate blood volume.
  • Control blood pressure.
  • Control blood pH.
• Urinary System's Primary Responsibility:
  • Water and electrolyte balance.
  • Excretion of toxic nitrogenous compounds.

Urine Flow Sequence

Papillary duct → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter

Key Terms - Digestive System

• Salivary Amylase: Starch digestion begins in the mouth when salivary amylase is ducted in by the salivary glands.
• Hormonal Stimulus: Gastrin prods the stomach glands to produce more enzymes and HCl
• Psychological Stimulus: The mere thought of a relished food can make your mouth water
• Mechanical Stimulus: Chewing gum to increase saliva formation
• Pepsin: Protein foods are largely acted on in the stomach by pepsin
• HCl: Needed for the stomach protein-digesting enzymes to become active.
• Mucus: Stomach protection mechanism.
• Milk protein-digesting enzyme not mentioned.
• Churning: The third layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach wall allows mixing and mechanical breakdown.
• Brush border enzymes: Important intestinal enzymes.
• Bicarbonate-rich fluid: The small intestine is protected from the corrosive action of the HCl in chyme by this fluid, which is ducted in by the pancreas.
• The pancreas produces protein-digesting enzymes, amylase, and nucleases, the only important source is amylase.
• Bile: A non-enzyme substance that causes fat to be dispersed into smaller globules.
• Chewing: Mastication is commonly known as chewing.
• Mouth: Area where the beginning of digestion occurs is the Mouth.

Digestive System - Organs & Functions

1. The stomach has 3 layers of smooth muscle in its muscularis externa.
2. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the oral cavity.
3. G cells of the stomach secrete the hormone gastrin, which stimulates the parietal (hydrochloric acid) and chief (pepsinogen)
4. The chief cells secrete pepsinogen, the enzyme precursor which begins the chemical digestion of protein.
5. Protein digestion in the stomach requires the activation of pepsinogen by hydrochloric acid, which is secreted by the parietal cells.
6. The parietal cells also secrete intrinsic factor, which facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum.
7. The three major enzymes secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum are amylase, lipase, and trypsinogen (inactive form).
8. The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes, buffers, and bile.
9. The tracheal is NOT a phase of swallowing.

Urinary System - Completion

The kidney is referred to as an excretory organ because it excretes nitrogenous wastes. It is also a major homeostatic organ because it maintains the electrolyte, water/fluid, and acid-base balance of the blood. Urine is continuously formed by the structural and functional units of the kidneys, the nephrons, and is routed down the ureters by the mechanism of peristalsis to a storage organ called the urinary bladder. Eventually, the urine is conducted to the body exterior by the urethra. In the male, the urethra is 20 centimeters long and transports both urine and semen. The female urethra is 4 centimeters long and transports only urine. Voiding or emptying the bladder is called micturition. Voiding has both voluntary and involuntary components. The voluntary sphincter is the external urethral sphincter, composed of skeletal muscle. An inability to control this sphincter is referred to as incontinence.

Urinary System - Additional Questions

1. Transitional epithelium lines the urinary bladder.

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the formation and concentration of urine.

   a. Filtration predominantly occurs in the glomerulus.

   b. Reabsorption predominantly occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule.

   c. Secretion predominantly occurs in the distal convoluted tubule.

3. Materials normally found in urine include:

   a. Water

   b. Urea/Creatinine

   c. Ions (Sodium, Potassium, etc.)

Digestive System - Graphic Organizer

• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM functions to breakdown food
• Alimentary Canal composed of mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
• Begins with the mouth. For chewing, it has teeth. For manipulating food, it has a tongue.
• Food moves by peristalsis
• Accessory Organs such as salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas.
• Salivary glands for producing amylase.
• The liver produces the bile.
• The gall bladder Stores then secretes it into the Duodenum (Small intestine).
• Esophagus opens to Cardiac Sphincter.
• The stomach has rugae, fundus, body, pyloric sphincter.
• The food becomes chyme.
• The stomach wall includes oblique muscles.
• Small intestine has three parts are the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
• The duodenum is the first section, jejunum is the 2nd section,and ileum is the 3rd section. The small intestine functions to absorb nutrients.
• The pancreas has support coils known as mesentery.
• The large intestine hangs like a curtain which is called the greater omentum.
• Has cecum with folds, asending colon, descending colon, transverse colon connected to the rectum.
• Large intestine functions to absorb water and it stores waste.