APHG Unit 1-3
INTRO TO MAPS
mercator map projection: formal map projection that is excellent at showing accurate direction
used for naval expedition
significant distortion in size n location
Greenland appears 14x larger than Africa, but it’s smaller than it in reality
made Europe look big - appear
goode homolosine projection: shows true size and shape of land masses
distortion in distances near the edges of the map; NOT helpful in direction
interrupted map: a map that tries to remove distortion by removing parts of the globe
uninterrupted map: may cause more distortion
robinson projection: more distortion near the poles -> preserves the size and shape
gall-peters projection (more accurate): shows true size of earth’s land mass but have significant distortion
EVERY MAP HAS THE PROBLEM OF DISTORTION
reference maps: info map that shows boundaries, names of places, n geographic features of an area
often used for directions, to display property lines, political boundaries, elevation changes, public transportation routes, or to show key features of a map
toponym: a name given to a place/location
topographic maps: uses contour lines to display the terrain and elevation changes
closer the lines - steeper the terrain
more space between lines - more elevation
thematic maps: displays spatial patterns of places and uses quantitative data to display specific topics
choropleth map: displays data using diff colors/shades with each/shade showing a diff quantity of data set
dot density map: show data by placing points -> allows to see spatial distribution of data
emphasize spatial pattern
graduated symbol map: uses shapes, items, symbols to show loc. n the amount of data
VARIES IN SIZE
emphasize quantitative data
isoline map: uses lines to connect diff areas tht hv similar/= amounts of data (elevation, temp, precipitation)
weather map
cartogram map: data in a dynamic w/ the greatest value represented by the largest area
flow line map: shows the movement of diff goods, people, animals, services, or ideas between diff places
*more important on how to read them
absolute direction: the exact direction a person is going
relative direction: the direction given in relation to another object’s current loc.
absolute distance: the exact distance between two places/objects
measured in quantitative terms: miles/kilometers
relative distance: approx. measurement between two points
COLLECTING GEOGRAPHIC DATA
remote sensing: a process of collecting info abt the earth’s surface from satellites orbiting the earth
helps us better understand changes that occur in diff places over time; land cover; can show how developed a country is
ex: more light pollution = more population
can help create thematic maps
GIS (geographic information system): a computer system that can collect, analyze, and display geographic data
map app
creates layered maps
can be used to analyze crimes, modern the effects of pollution, and analyze travel times
GPS (global positioning sys.): a network of satellites that are used to determine the loc. of smth on the earth’s surface
provides absolute loc.
field observations
personal interviews
media reports
newspapers, the news
gov. docs
travel narratives
landscape/photo analysis*
TWO TYPES OF DATA
qualitative data: info that is often in word form n up for interpretation, debate, and discussion
subjective and will differ depending on who and hows it being collected
mostly collected thru observations and interviews
approval rating of ur school
quantitative data: number form, objective, and NOT up for debate
may be collected by census
population pyramid
DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION
density of a population: tot. # of ppl living there / total land area
distribution of wealth:
DIFF SCALES (fix notes)
local scale: finer details -> greater insight/understanding of details
local government makes decisions abt zoning or if need funding for new school by looking at population pyramid
census tract: a small geographic area defined by the US Census Bureau (used to understand data at the local lvl)
national scale: diff spatial relationships occurring w/in a country’s boundary
regional scale:
state govs. use data to allocate state funds
SPATIAL CONCEPTS
absolute location: the exact spot on the earth using longitude and latitude
relative location: a description of the area based on the surrounding area
physical characteristics: nature and climate
human characteristics: languages spoken, religions practiced, amnt of ppl livinG
**BOTH OF THESE TYPES OF CHARACTERISTICS PROVIDE A SENSE OF PLACE
sense of place: a strong feeling or perception people have of a place
more unique/more memories = stronger sense of place
placelessness: a place that doesnt invoke any strong response from inds. due to a lack of unique characteristics (loc. lakcs a unique identity)
geographers will look at spatial distribution (concentration, density, patterns)
concentration: how things are spread out (clustered or dispersed)
density: amnt of objects within a place
urban areas more densely populated
patterns: arrangement of objects in an area (linear pattern, eyc)
looking at this -> understand the flow (the movement of people, goods, services from one place to another)
time-space compression: the reduction of time it takes for smth/some1 to get from one place to another
distance decay: the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions
larger the distance = less interaction
advancements in technology decreases distance decay
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION
environmental determinism: environment sets the possibilities for humans n society
criticized for promoting euro imperialism n discounting the role of humans
environmental possibilism: the idea that the environment puts limits on society, BUT ppl have the ability to modify/adjust the phys. environment to overcome those limits
commerical land use - businesses n stores selling final product vs. industrial land use - manufacturing
recreational land use - relax and unwind
by observing land use patterns = what industries they prioritize, what cultural valuews they have, n how society desigates their land to meet ppl needs
SCALES OF ANALYSIS
scale: the rls of a distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the ground
scale of analysis: observation of data at the global, national, regional, local scale
global scale: displayed info not connected to a particular country
national scale: info organized by the country; data connected to specific countries
regional scale (ex): national scale map but data/info organized by diff federal reserve districts
small scale map: a map showing a large portion of the earth but has less details of the data it is displaying
large scale map: shows less of the earth’s surface but has greater detail of data
REGIONAL ANAYSIS
region: a geographic area w/ common chaqracteristics and/or patterns of activity
3 types**
formal regions (uniform regions): common attributes n defined by ESPeN characteristics
-> econ success
functional regions (nodal regions): geographic areas thatre organized arnd a node (center point)/arnd a specific economic activity, travel, or communication
subway stations, radio, airports create these regions
these first two hv defined borders but could be transnational (not rlly dfined)
perceptual regions (vernacular regions): geographic areas thatre linked tg due to ppl’s opinions, attitudes, feelings, or beliefs on the region
differs; depends on who u talk to
Middle East; Dixie
general: if a region is based on the cardinal directions -> perceptual
Sun Belt (South), New EnglandINTRO TO MAPS
mercator map projection: formal map projection that is excellent at showing accurate direction
used for naval expedition
significant distortion in size n location
Greenland appears 14x larger than Africa, but it’s smaller than it in reality
made Europe look big - appear
goode homolosine projection: shows true size and shape of land masses
distortion in distances near the edges of the map; NOT helpful in direction
interrupted map: a map that tries to remove distortion by removing parts of the globe
uninterrupted map: may cause more distortion
robinson projection: more distortion near the poles -> preserves the size and shape
gall-peters projection (more accurate): shows true size of earth’s land mass but have significant distortion
EVERY MAP HAS THE PROBLEM OF DISTORTION
reference maps: info map that shows boundaries, names of places, n geographic features of an area
often used for directions, to display property lines, political boundaries, elevation changes, public transportation routes, or to show key features of a map
toponym: a name given to a place/location
topographic maps: uses contour lines to display the terrain and elevation changes
closer the lines - steeper the terrain
more space between lines - more elevation
thematic maps: displays spatial patterns of places and uses quantitative data to display specific topics
choropleth map: displays data using diff colors/shades with each/shade showing a diff quantity of data set
dot density map: show data by placing points -> allows to see spatial distribution of data
emphasize spatial pattern
graduated symbol map: uses shapes, items, symbols to show loc. n the amount of data
VARIES IN SIZE
emphasize quantitative data
isoline map: uses lines to connect diff areas tht hv similar/= amounts of data (elevation, temp, precipitation)
weather map
cartogram map: data in a dynamic w/ the greatest value represented by the largest area
flow line map: shows the movement of diff goods, people, animals, services, or ideas between diff places
*more important on how to read them
absolute direction: the exact direction a person is going
relative direction: the direction given in relation to another object’s current loc.
absolute distance: the exact distance between two places/objects
measured in quantitative terms: miles/kilometers
relative distance: approx. measurement between two points
COLLECTING GEOGRAPHIC DATA
remote sensing: a process of collecting info abt the earth’s surface from satellites orbiting the earth
helps us better understand changes that occur in diff places over time; land cover; can show how developed a country is
ex: more light pollution = more population
can help create thematic maps
GIS (geographic information system): a computer system that can collect, analyze, and display geographic data
map app
creates layered maps
can be used to analyze crimes, modern the effects of pollution, and analyze travel times
GPS (global positioning sys.): a network of satellites that are used to determine the loc. of smth on the earth’s surface
provides absolute loc.
field observations
personal interviews
media reports
newspapers, the news
gov. docs
travel narratives
landscape/photo analysis*
TWO TYPES OF DATA
qualitative data: info that is often in word form n up for interpretation, debate, and discussion
subjective and will differ depending on who and hows it being collected
mostly collected thru observations and interviews
approval rating of ur school
quantitative data: number form, objective, and NOT up for debate
may be collected by census
population pyramid
DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION
density of a population: tot. # of ppl living there / total land area
distribution of wealth:
DIFF SCALES (fix notes)
local scale: finer details -> greater insight/understanding of details
local government makes decisions abt zoning or if need funding for new school by looking at population pyramid
census tract: a small geographic area defined by the US Census Bureau (used to understand data at the local lvl)
national scale: diff spatial relationships occurring w/in a country’s boundary
regional scale:
state govs. use data to allocate state funds
SPATIAL CONCEPTS
absolute location: the exact spot on the earth using longitude and latitude
relative location: a description of the area based on the surrounding area
physical characteristics: nature and climate
human characteristics: languages spoken, religions practiced, amnt of ppl livinG
**BOTH OF THESE TYPES OF CHARACTERISTICS PROVIDE A SENSE OF PLACE
sense of place: a strong feeling or perception people have of a place
more unique/more memories = stronger sense of place
placelessness: a place that doesnt invoke any strong response from inds. due to a lack of unique characteristics (loc. lakcs a unique identity)
geographers will look at spatial distribution (concentration, density, patterns)
concentration: how things are spread out (clustered or dispersed)
density: amnt of objects within a place
urban areas more densely populated
patterns: arrangement of objects in an area (linear pattern, eyc)
looking at this -> understand the flow (the movement of people, goods, services from one place to another)
time-space compression: the reduction of time it takes for smth/some1 to get from one place to another
distance decay: the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions
larger the distance = less interaction
advancements in technology decreases distance decay
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION
environmental determinism: environment sets the possibilities for humans n society
criticized for promoting euro imperialism n discounting the role of humans
environmental possibilism: the idea that the environment puts limits on society, BUT ppl have the ability to modify/adjust the phys. environment to overcome those limits
commerical land use - businesses n stores selling final product vs. industrial land use - manufacturing
recreational land use - relax and unwind
by observing land use patterns = what industries they prioritize, what cultural valuews they have, n how society desigates their land to meet ppl needs
SCALES OF ANALYSIS
scale: the rls of a distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the ground
scale of analysis: observation of data at the global, national, regional, local scale
global scale: displayed info not connected to a particular country
national scale: info organized by the country; data connected to specific countries
regional scale (ex): national scale map but data/info organized by diff federal reserve districts
small scale map: a map showing a large portion of the earth but has less details of the data it is displaying
large scale map: shows less of the earth’s surface but has greater detail of data
REGIONAL ANAYSIS
region: a geographic area w/ common chaqracteristics and/or patterns of activity
3 types**
formal regions (uniform regions): common attributes n defined by ESPeN characteristics
-> econ success
functional regions (nodal regions): geographic areas thatre organized arnd a node (center point)/arnd a specific economic activity, travel, or communication
subway stations, radio, airports create these regions
these first two hv defined borders but could be transnational (not rlly dfined)
perceptual regions (vernacular regions): geographic areas thatre linked tg due to ppl’s opinions, attitudes, feelings, or beliefs on the region
differs; depends on who u talk to
Middle East; Dixie
general: if a region is based on the cardinal directions -> perceptual
Sun Belt (South), New England
UNIT 2 NOTES
4 major regions where ppl live
⅔ of pop. live in South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka)
East Asia (China, Japan, Korea)
Southeast Asia (Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, etc.)
these three regions, ppl located near bodies of water (-> fertile land, transportation, trade, water supply, etc.)
Europe
pop more clustered towards natural resources (Industrial Revolution [unit 7 has notes on this])
physical factors: climate, weather patterns, landforms, bodies of water, natural resources
most major cities are located near favorable phys features (body of water. arable land)
human factors: economic, cultural, and historical aspects
economic opportunities: access to jobs and services, wide range of amentities, stable employment
culture: ppl move to where they have similar cultures, likes, or where they feel accepted/a sense of community
historical: events
migration of ppl influenced by:
past trade routes
diff historifcal events
political boundaries
former empires
how does politcal aspects affect migration patterns?
ppl often gravitate to areas w/ a stable politifcal environment that offers more protection and maintain a cohesive func. society
population distribution: the spread of ppl in an area
dispersed, clustered
population density: the amnt of ppl in an area (3 types)
arithmetic density: commonly used metric to show densely populated a place is
total pop/total amnt of land
lower #s = fewer ppl residing in tht country
doesn’t account the distribution of ppl (assumes everyone is evenly spread out) and land use patterns not intended for residential
physiololgical density: measures the pressure that a pop. exerts on the environment to feed the pop.
tot pop. / tot amnt of arable land
high physiological density = risk of damaging their qrrable land by depleting is nutrients
leads to desertification (the process of which arale land loses its fertility and becomes a desert) and forces them to rely on imports
agricultural density: shows the lvl of efficiency of agricultural production in an area n the degree of reliance on human labor vs tech
amnt of farmers / tot amnt of arable land
high # = more manual labor
low # = high degree of mech n more tech advancements
CONSEQUENCES OF POP DISTRIBUTION
higher pop density | lower pop density |
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|
carrying capacity: the amnt of ppl that can be supported by the environment wo damaging the environment
if pop exceeds = may lead to exploitation of resources, depletion of essential nutrients, increase chances of desertification n food shortages
POPULATION COMPOSITION
demographic characteristics: age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, income, occupation
population pyramid
pre-reproductive yrs: 0-14
reproductive yrs: 15-44
post-reproductive yrs: 45+
can provide info on every scale of analysis
a top heavy part = aging population -> increased healthcare usage. declining tax revenue, decrease in overall pop.
20-24 range = maybe city is home to many colleges/unis -> vibrant downtown, higher demand for rental property
bottom-heavy part - high birth rate, country is in early stage of development, women have few rights
sex ratio: (male births in a society / female births in a society) x 100
if ratio above 100 = more male births
if ratio below 100 = more female births
exactly 100 = female and male same
dependency ratio: ( (children aged 0-14) + (ppl aged 65+) / (working age pop) ) x 100
gives us insight into how many ppl a society needs to support
higher # = greater burden on working pop
child dependency ratio: ( (children aged 0-14) / (working age pop) ) x 100
elderly dependy ratio: ( (ppl aged 65+) / (working age pop) ) x 100
*more importnat to connect these concepts to the real world and to these pyramids
POPULATION DYNAMICS
crude birth rate (CBR): tot # of live birtths in a yr for every 1,000 ppl alive ihn a society
crude death rate (CDR): tot # of deaths in a yr for every 1,000 ppl alive in a society
natural increase rate (NIR): the % by which a pop grows in a yr
NIR = CBR - CDR
high NIR = less time to double their pop -> strain on country’s infrastructure and system bc country may not be able to keep up w growing pop
doubling time: the amnt of time it takes for a pop to double in size
total fertility rate (TFR): the avg # of children a woman will have
2.1 - replacement rate
<2.1 - pop decline
>2.1 - pop growth
infant mortality rate (IMR): the tot # of deaths under 1 yr of age in a yr for every 1,000 live births
better access to services n education - decrease in TFR, NIR, IMR
political effects on pop
govs. hv power to implement laws n use propaganda to encourage family planning, promote the use of contraceptive, n enhance access to education for everyone -> decreases pop growth rate
China’s 1 child birth law
if gov restricts these things listed above n deny women their rights -> increase in pop growth rate
THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRNASITION MODEL (DTM)
FIRST STAGE:
high CBR n CDR -> low NIR
subsistence agriculture
limited opportunities in society n lack access to education, healthcare, medicine, contraceptives, n medical knowledge
med stuff -> high mortality rates
focused on household tasks n childbearing
seasonal migration in search of food
NO COUNTRY IN STAGE 1
SECOND STAGE:
high CBR ut CDR starts to decrease -> significant increase in NIR -> pop boom
IMR n CDR decrease due to advancements in tech, increased agricultural production, better sanitation, increased med knowledge
women start to see sligh expansions of their role -> occasionally participate in formal economy
women’s education limited n mainly caregivers in home
start to see rural-ubran migration
agricultural production changes -> commercial agriculture
emigration (seek bette3r economic opportunities)
AFGHANISTAN
THIRD STAGE:
CBR starts to decline n CDR continues to decline
NIR more moderate due to improved med tech -> higher life expectancy and reduction in IMR -> smaller family sizes, urban areas start to become more dominant economic centers, focused mnore on manufacturing jobs
continued rural-urban migration
women hv greater access to education -> contributes to declining CBR n NIR
growth happening in tertiary sector (more economic opportunities)
MEXICO
main focus on reproductive yrs
growing as a country but not as fast
FOURTH STAGE:
low CBR n CDR
low to flat NIR
may experience ZPG
ZPG (zero pop growth): when a country’s CBR r essentially the same, causing the NIR to be 0
women play active role in society n the economy with greater access to edu, bette3r rights
access to specialized medicine and doctors; robust healthcare sys
counter urbanization
ppl start to move to suburbs
increased immigration from LDCs as ppl seek better economic opportunities
UNITED STATES AND CHINA
not a large pop growth
FIFTH STAGE:
low CBR n CDR
negative NIR
birth < deaths
could be in stage 5: JAPAN/GERMANY
majority of pop located in post-reproductive yrs
take note of immigration and emmigration patterns bc this doesn’t account for them
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION MODEL
focuses on the causes of death for each stage of the DTM
STAGE 1:
high mortality rates from pestilence, famine, etc.
parasitic/infectious diseases, animal atks, pandemics, epidemics, food shortages, contaminated water sources
bubonic plague
STAGE 2:
fewer deaths and receding pandemics
access to tech -> increased standard of living n food production, more nutritious food, improved sanitation
STAGE 3:
ppl live longer and start to die from degenerative diseases/diseases caused by human behavior
heart disease, diabetes
STAGE 4:
fighting degenerative diseases
med advancements delay degen diseases
longer life expectancies
however, sedentary lifestyle n consumption of junk food
STAGE 5:
resurgence of infectious disease (parasitic and infectious disease bc they evolve and mutate)
increased poverty n urbanization
globalization (travel of diseases can contribute)
COVID
first 4 stages of DTM pair well w first 4 stages of ETM but 5th stages does NOT connect
MALTHUSIAN THEORY
Malthus - Eng economist who lived in England during Industial Rev
worried abt pop growth rate when Eng hit stage 2 of DTM
argued that while pop grow exponentially, ability to produce food would only increase at an arithmetic rate -> malthusian catastrophe (pop would surpass the carrying capacity -> famine, war, disease outbreaks, and collapse of society)
believed intervention was necessary to prevent uncontrolled pop growth
gov could implement anti-natalist policies
TURNED OUT TO BE WRONG due to advancements in tech and agriculture
Neo-malthusians believe that the world supply of natural resources (and food) will deplete as pop continue to grow
Thanos
GOVERNMENTS
pro-natalist policies: policies created to help increase a society’s birth rate
include: propaganda, tax incentives, family planning resources, removal of economic and political barriers
countries w LOW NIR
anti-natalist policies: created to help decrease a society’s birth rate
China’s one child policy
WOMEN AND ECONOMIC CHANGES
edu - low nir, tfr, imr
higher tfr - less economic development and less opportunities of women
maternal mortality rate: a measure of the # maternal deaths per 100,000 live births that occur due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications
E.G RAVENSTEIN’S LAWS OF MIGRATION
mostly economic
young adults
short distances and step migration
rural-urban migration
counterstream
large urban areas experience pop growth bc of migration not natural births
migration -> increased development
women - internal migration ; men - internationally
GRAVITY MODEL
based on the assumption that migration flows are influenced by pop size and distance between migrant’s origin and destination
whenever migration occurs, a counterstream occurs (connect og loc to new loc)
AGING POPULATIONS
elder dependency ratio - start to retire - greater burden on working pop
high dependency ratio - less ppl working n paying into the sys. - start to access retirement funds and need more healthcare services -> more money -> may lead to decrease economic growth
could lead to pro-immigration policies
CAUSES OF MIGRATION
pull and push factors
ESPeN
P Push Factors
political persecution
discrimination
lack of political freedom
unstable gov
P Pull Factors
better gov services
protection of ind rights
pol freedom
pol stability
S Push
discrimination
lack of social services
religious/cultural persecution
S Pull
access to quality healthcare
increased access to edu
acceptance
desire to be closer to fam
eN Push
undesirable climate
natural disasters
environmental degradation
increased air/water pollution
N Pull
favorable climate
better living conditions w less pollution
more access to arable land n natural resources
intervening obstacles: neg situations that hinder migration
nomo $; denied access into country
intervening opportunities: pos situations
FORCED/VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
forced: human trafficking, child labor, child soldiers, slavery
refugee: an ind whos been forced to leave country n has cross international border in order to escape war, persecution, natural disasters
seek asylum
internally displaced person (IDP): same but w/in same country
voluntary
transnational migration: home country to another country but remains connected to og country (settles in an area w similar culture)
chain migration: legal immigration sponsor a family member to immigrate to the country
step migration: migration occurs in steps b4 reaching final destination (could be bc intervening obstacles/opportunities)
transhumance migration: migration that is cyclical and revolves arnd the seasonal movement of livestock
rural-urban migration
intraregional migration: same region
urban to suburban migration
interregional migration: diff region
midwest US to southwest US
guest worker: a migrant who may temporarily migrate to a new country for work or for educational reasons
may send remittances to home
EFFECTS OF MIGRATION AND DIFFUSION
brain drain: when skilled labor leaves the geographic area in favor of another area that offers more opportunities
acculturation: when a culture adopts diff culture traits of another culture (og. cult modified not lost)
assimilation: when minority cult adopts a new culture, typically the dominant culture, resulting in loss of og cult
could be forced/voluntary
syncretism: when 2/+ cultures evolve or change over time in a similar manner but remain culturally distinct
multiculturalism: when members of a cultural group do not fully assimilate but still maintain their own cultural identities, while other groups arnd them do the same
UNIT 3 CULTURE
culture: the shared practice, techniques, attitudes, and behaviors passed down by society
language, clothing, behavior, land use, built environment, thought patterns, cultural rules and values
cultural traits
food preferences can help understand history
Singapore (mostly Southern Chinese bc sm south chinese ppl live there)
architecture
suburbs of America mostly the same
land use
cultural relativism: the evaluation of another culture by that culture’s own standards
embrace them
ethnocentrism: the evaluation of another culture by a group’s own cultural standards
punches
xenophobia
cultural landscape: describes how : ppl modify a phys landscape in a way that reflects their culture
factors that shape cultural landscape:
agricultural and industrial (economic activity) practices
corn in midwest US and terrace rice paddies in southeast asia
religion
Christian churches, Muslim mosques, Hindu temples, Jewish synagogues
linguistic characteristics
NYC’s chinatown both hv eng and chinese signs
sequent occupance: the cultural marks left on the landscape by each grp that have occupied a place over the course of history
trad n postmodern architecture
trad: Nipu Hut in rural Philippines (only resource available for them at the time) -> symbol
postmodern: Guggenheim museum in balboa, spain
placelessness: the condition where a place lacks a strong identity, distinct character, or a sense of meaning, often due to homogenization, mass production, and globalization
how do ppl’s and society’s values affect the way they occupy a space?
values and cultural landscapes
ethnicity: cultural traits a group shares that distinguish them from other groups
ethnic enclave: a cluster of ethnically similar people living in the same place
gender
India: parks separated by gender
women in the workplace
encouraged in the US and Europe - more healthcare and equal jobs
ethnic neighbourhoods
overtime shape the landscape to their cultural values
NYC chinatown
could be result from historic discrimination
indigenous communities
Indian reservations in US
placemaking: the process of ppl modifying the landscape to live in a place
sense of place: when ppl think abt a place and fill it w meaning
language and dialects
religion
protestants in south and catholics in northeast US
ethnicity
massive somali immigration pop in minnesota
centripetal force and centrifugal forces
religion could either
f- shi’ite and sunni both muslim but hv differences
p- spanish spoken in central america
p- religion han in china brings ppl tg
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
relocation diffusion: the spread of cultural traits as ppl migrate
European imperialism -> Spanish and Portuguese came to Central America and brought Catholicism
expansion diffusion: cultural traits diffuse while the ppl stay in cultural hearth
contagious diffusion: spreading rapidly to adjacent pops wo regard for class, race, or cultural category
hierarchical diffusion: top down spread of a cultural trait
stimulus diffusion: og cult trait doesn’t spread but inspires the creation of a new but related cult trait
Mcdonalds: change beef to chicken in big mac in Southeast Asia
Why?
imperialism: when a powerful state enacts policies to extend power over another place
colonialism: when 1 powerful state establishes settlements in another place for the purpose of economic or political gain
1400s (late 15th century) - Euro colonized many parts of Central America -> diffusion of cultural traits (eng in north america - eng imperialism and portuguese in brazil and spanish in central)
tobacco and sugar and africa slave migration
19th century - scramble for africa (unit 7 notes)
algeria - arabic and berber but french
silk road
buddhism and catholicism
lingua franca: a single lang adopted by ppl of many diff languages that facilitates communication
eng - main
creolization: occurs when two languages combined to create a new distinct lang
Afrikaans - dutch, african, european
small scale cultural change
traveling to new country and brings back home cultural traits from that country
large scale cultural change
globalization: the increasing interweaving and growing dependence of peoples throughout the world on each other, economically, politically, n socially
result from time space compression
technology
urbanization: rural-urban
how urban culture diffuses
media
avatar and avengers
technological change
politics
UN
economics
Amazon
effects of diffusion
cultural convergence: two or more diff cultures interact and adopt one another's culture so they become similar
time-space convergence makes cultures less distinct
cultural divergence: makes them more distinct
American Northeast Amish expose to tech but rejects them (no cars for ex)
diffusion of language
starts off w/ language family
biggest: Indo-European lang (lang of Europe and South and Southwest Asia)
lang branch
romantic lang branch : spanish, romanian, italian, portuguese
germanic: eng, german, dutch
very little understanding between branches
dialects
diffusion of religion
Christianity
hearth: Israel n Jerusalem (West Asia)
biggest universalizing religion
2.3 billion followers
Islam
hearth: Saudi Arabia, Mecca (west asia)
1.9 billion followers
universalizing religion
Buddhism
hearth: northeastern india (south east asia)
universalizing religion
495 million followers
Hinduism
hearth: india (south asia)
1.2 billion followers
ethnic religion
Sikhism
hearth: northwestern india (south asia)
25-30 million followers
ethnic/universalizing religion
changing toponyms - religious diffusion