Sound Waves

Transverse waves
- Waves where the particle vibration is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation,
- characterized by crests and troughs
Longitudinal waves
- Waves where the particle vibration is parallel to the direction of wave propagation
- characterized by compressions and rarefactions.

When an object vibrates, it creates sound
- loud, deep and long, short and high-pitched
- pure, gravely, distorted, sweet, soft, piercing, buzz
Any sound your ear can hear is created by the mechanical back-and-forth motion of an object

Amplitude describes how much energy a wave is carrying
- more energy = greater amplitude = louder sound
- greater amplitude = taller wave or more intense compressions
Volume tells how loud or soft a sound is
- determined by how much energy a wave carries

Ultrasound refers to sound waves with frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz, which is above the human hearing range.
These waves are mechanical longitudinal waves that require a medium to propagate.
Applications:
- Medical imaging (e.g., prenatal scans)
- Non-destructive testing in industries
- Cleaning delicate objects using ultrasonic cleaners

The Doppler Effect is the apparent change in frequency (or pitch) of a sound wave caused by the relative motion between the source of the sound and the observer.
When the source moves toward the observer:
- The frequency appears higher
- The wavelength appears shorter
When the source moves away from the observer:
- The frequency appears lower
- The wavelength appears longer
This principle is commonly heard in the changing pitch of a passing ambulance siren.

Doppler radar uses the Doppler Effect to detect motion and measure speed.
It sends out radio waves (not sound), which bounce off a moving object (e.g., a car or raindrop).
By analyzing the frequency shift in the returned signal, it determines:
- Speed
- Direction
Applications:
- Weather forecasting (e.g., tracking storms)
- Traffic speed enforcement
- Air traffic control

Application of electricity in real life as you practice as an OSHA practitioner?

Recognize potential electrical hazards in workplaces (e.g., exposed wires, overloaded circuits, faulty equipment).
Inspect work environments to ensure compliance with OSHA electrical standards (like 29 CFR 1910 Subpart S).

Ensure lockout/tagout (LOTO) procedures are used when maintaining or repairing electrical systems.
Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) in wet or outdoor locations to prevent electrocution.
Ensure proper grounding of equipment to prevent electric shock.

Conduct electrical safety training for workers.
Display warning signs and labels on electrical panels and equipment.
Promote awareness of NFPA 70E (Electrical Safety in the Workplace) standards.

In construction: Manage temporary wiring and power tools safely.
In manufacturing: Ensure safe operation of machinery powered by electricity.
In offices: Prevent risks from overloaded sockets, power strips, and improper wiring.

Explain the concept of the application of force, in implementation at the workplace, as you consider an OSHA practitioner?

A worker lifts a 25 kg box from the floor to a shelf.
Risk: If lifted incorrectly, it may strain the back or knees.
Solution: Use proper lifting posture or mechanical lifting aids (e.g., trolleys or forklifts).

A nurse pushes a trolley filled with medical equipment.
Risk: Excessive force or poor wheels can lead to shoulder or arm injuries.
Solution: Maintain equipment wheels, reduce trolley weight, train on pushing techniques.

A worker uses a wrench or screwdriver for several hours.
Risk: Continuous grip and twisting cause hand/wrist fatigue or repetitive strain injury (RSI).
Solution: Use ergonomically designed tools and allow rest breaks.

An electrician pulls underground cables during installation.
Risk: Pulling with poor posture or heavy force can injure shoulders or back.
Solution: Use cable rollers or team lifting techniques.