MS NORTH PREDICTIONS

   HENRY VIII’S LATER FOREIGN POLICY

  • Mary Rose (the ship is names after HVIII’s younger sister and sank just off Portsmouth and was pulled up in 1983

  • Maximillian in 1509/10 sent over someone to build Henry’s first suit of armour, he liked it so much that he kept the armourer and employed German armourers

  • 1533 is the divorce (Catherine of Aragon still alive), the threats of Charles V, Anne Boleyn wanted an alliance with France and a possible marriage of Princess Liz to a French Prince to guarantee her future. Worried as Mary had been declared a bastard so this could also happen to Liz

  • Growing divisions between Henry VIII and Francis I, Henry wanted France’s support in the split with Rome whereas Francis wanted the Pope’s support against CV, thus an alliance was unlikely. Francis wants to restart the Italian wars (gain land in Northern Italy)

  • 1529 was the peace of Cambrai and then between 1529-1533 there was very little foreign policy due to the focus on divorce. By 1533, Anne Boleyn was Queen so divorce in full swing. 1532 Anne boleyn and Henry visited Francis to gain a possible friendship, as Anne wants an alliance as she grew up here and is scared of the Spanish links due to catherine of aragon.

  • Cromwell wanted an alliance with the German Princes (the league of the Schmalkladen) so talks began in 1533 (hence the act of ten articles in 1536). Germany is currently split, there are both catholic and protestant princes which will ultimately lead to civil war.

  • 1535 the Duke of Milan dies with no clear heir. Charlex V had a right to get involved (Milan is a part of the HRE) and in 1535 Charles V goes to make his son (PII) Duke of Milan. The French Valois Kings also have a claim through their blood line and in 1535 war breaks out. This means attention is away from England 😉

  • 1536 was the death of Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn, which removed the two obstacles in the way of an alliance with CV. Anne Boleyn now no longer pushing for a French alliance.

  • 1535/6 saw trouble between France and Spain over Milan which restarted the Italian wars but the truce of Nice in 1538 between Cv and FRI ended the war. Both were running out of money and CV had issues with the Ottomans, not a treaty but a truce. The attention shifts back to england

  • 1537, Fitzroy dies and Ed was only a year old so in a highly precarious position

  • 1538, Courtenay, Montague and the Poles (Yorkists) have a conspiracy (exeter conspiracy). Reginal Pole is a part of this and he is in Rome with papal bacing and is encouraging Cv and France to invade

  • 1538 was the excommunication of HVIII, Henry was now worried about a spanish/french invasion of England. Charles V was the secular head of Christendom, backed by the Pope.

  • 1538 Cardinal Reginald Pole was putt on a mission to bring Charles and Francis together in a joint decleration of co-operation against the enemies of christendom (ie an invasion of England)

  • 1538 there was a renewal of the auld alliance between France and Scotland and the marriage of Marie of Guise and JV. James’ first wife was also French (Madeline). Mary of Guise was an interesting choice as HVIII had earler asked for her hand but she rejected him for a lesser king

  • 1539, Charles and Francis signed a pact agreeing not to negotiate seperately with England. By the start of 1539 Henry found himself completely without allies

  • 1539, Henry entered negotiations with the Schmalkalden league of Lutheran Princes in Germany who had broken from Rome but who weren’t on good terms with CV. But, Henry was not prepared to agree to their more radical protestant version of christianity (partly because France had re-opened direct negotiations with England)

  • But in 1539 the Act of 6 articles was passed to appease the Pope and Cv. If they become too protestant then France and Charles V will definitely invade. Henry os clearly trying to hedge his bets with a form of dual policy

  • 1539 now has no allies as Schmalkalden are hit or Miss

  • February 1539, Henry started work on a series of coastal defences (still the threat of war), for example a boom is installed across the river dart. Most of the work was done in two years. Despite the precarious position of England, Henry had recognised that a defensive foreign policy was best and under Cromwell’s influence had basically avoided disaster.

  • Cleves was in a similiar situation to Henry, he is catholic (ish) but broken with Rome (lutheranism)

  • October 1539, a treaty was engineered by Cromwell and signed between Henry and Cleves (who had nroken from rome and was in dispute with charles V but not fully Lutheran) and included the deal to marry Anne.

  • Anne (accoridng to Henry) was fat and so Henry claims she doesn’t have ‘the belly of a virgin’

  • 1540 CV and Francis go to war again (Philip is made Duke of Milan) so both Cv and Fr want an alliance with England.

  • 1540s, Henry divorced Anne of Cleves, fall of Cromwell occures and Cromwel’s foreign policy no longer relevant due to: 1540 the friendship between France and Spain was dead and both times were interested in an alliance with England, 1542 Charles and Henry agree on a joint invasion of France and in 1543 Francis had made an alliance with the Ottoman Turks, Henry was at war with Scotland (Battle of Solway Moss). An anglo-imperial alliance seemed convenient, especially due to the auld alliance and creates double encirclement.

  • 1543 the Ottomans control Turkey and Southern Europe (serbia, Turkey, Montenegro and Petsch has fallen in 1529 they get to Vienna.

  • 1538, JV allied with france, which renewed Auld Alliance as he married Marie of Guise, this annoyed Henry as she had refused him.

  • 1541, the meeting was arranged for Henry to meet JV at York (HVIII on progress in the North after the POG). Katherine Howard also comes but she is sleeping With Culpepper at this point as he is a gentleman of the privy chamber.

  • Henry wanted an alliance with Scotland, Henry also thought James should take his advice on the Scottish church. James didn’t turn up to York, instead kept the Auld Alliance gone.

  • 1541 Henry wants to break the Auld alliance, Henry feels able to give JV advice as he is his nephew

  • 1542 Henry had to secure Scottish border first. October 1542, Norfolk led an ineffective raid against France’s ally Scotland, secures Berwick and Carlisle

  • JV thinks that as Norfolk didn’t achieve much England must be weak

  • BATTLE OF SOLWAY MOSS - November 1542 the Scots retailated, JV was convinced that the English forces were weak but the 10,000 Scots were defeated by the 3,000 englishmen leaving Mary Stuart as heir to the throne (6 days old and youngest ever monarch of the british Isles). Marie of Guise becomes regent of Scotland (ineffective, woman and French). Henry’s plan is now to marry Ed to MQS (woman and can’t rule). Heny wants MQS brought up in England. JV dies shortly after the the battle, not in the battle. Lots of scottish nobility are wiped out and JV had a daughter and dies in a depressive state, his deathbed quote is ‘it started with a lass and ended with a lass’ (technically right as JVI is King of England

  • 1543 was the treaty of Greenwich which agreed that Ed and MQS would marry, Occurs as they had a pro-english earl of arran in charge. But they get fed up with english interference and at the end of the year the scots refuse to agree to the treaty. Repudaite the treaty as they claim it was signed under duress

  • Marie and Arran are co-regents

  • 1544, Henry tried to bully Scotland into giving into English demands and in May, the Earl of Hertford (jane Seymour’s brother) destroyed large parts of Edinburgh and the lowlands, England managed to take Edinburgh, England think they have the right to this as they win Solway Moss.

  • 1546, France sent troops to Scotland and defeated the English at the battle of Ancrum Moor (doesn’t stop Hertford)

  • Scotland stuck with their French alliance, Marie of Guise determined to have MQS married to a Fr prince, not Ed. 1547 mary is sent to France and in the reign of Henry she is kept away from the English and Edinburgh

  • Previously, English had captured Earl of Arran, so he was in the pay of Henry, given lands in England too! and Henry will back him in the regency

  • 1542 - Charles V and Henry agree on a joint invasion of France (formally agreed in 1543) and led them in person in 1544.

  • June 1544, Henry invaded France but ignored the plan to attack Paris and instead marched on and won boulogne, HENRY WAS ACTUALLY THERE DIRECTING POLICY

  • But CV felt let down so made peace with Francis on the same day (1544 peace of Crespy). Despite a deal with HVIII and CV to not make peace seperately

  • boulogne is a convenient port and location

  • Lipscombe - 1545 is the most dangerous year in Henry’s foreign policy

  • July 1545 - French ships sailed into English waters at portsmouth and the Solent, in an attempted invasion with 220 ships and 30,000 soldiers. Due to weather and bad french organisation the invasion failed but they did land on the isle of Wight and the Mary Rose sunk itself. Soldiers gathered were fron all across England and foreign mercs, huge numbers of weapons

  • Due to the Peace of crespy in 1544, France was now focused entirely on Boulognr, French tried to regain it but failed due to bad weather but henry lost lots of men.

  • 1546 French then sent troops to Scotland and defeated england at the battle of Ancrum Moor. HVIII’s forces divide between Scotland, Boulogne and the South

  • 1546 the treaty of campe was signed with France (signed after henry ordered secret negotiations with both Fr and Sp). England would keep boulogne for 8 years, France would buy it back for 600,000 and pay an annual pension of 35,000 per year

  • Over 2 mill spent on the 1540s campaigns

  • garrison at Boulogne cost 130k in first year

  • Boulogne was in an inconvenient position, both Calias and Boulogn were fortified but there are 70 miles between the two that the french occupy.

  • caused great debasements of teh 1540s

  • had to sell off monastic lanf and borrow from european bankers

SOMERSET’S FOREIGN POLICY

  • GARRISONING SCOTLAND PROS - would help to protect the ‘assured’ scotlands who looked favourably on english intervention, would enable the english to launch rapid reprisal raids after scottish attacks, HVIII’s policy of raids were seen as an expensive failure, garrisoning was expected to be a long-term solution to the scottish policy of guerrilla warfarw which major invasions could do nothing about, a permanent english presence woulf hopefully secure the accpetance of the marriage of Ed and MQS, in an effort to avoid antagomising the scottish populace the english fif not take raxesm supplies or rents from the locals

  • GARRISONING SCOTLAND CONS - control of the troops was hard as they often rebelled or ran away from the awful conditions, especially the outbreaks of plague, only two of the garrisons were substantial fortresses, the rest were simply camps with improvised rampasrts on the sites of old castles, garrisoning was more expensive than Henry’s raids (Som spent 351,521 and Henry spent 235,383), most of the garrisons had only a few hundred troops sp they could hold a scottish attack at bay but couldn’t drive off attackers or defeat them, english found difficulties in provisioning the garrisons so when supplies ran out the soldiers took them from locals, gov found it hard to recruit english soldiers and was forced to use mercs from Albania, Hungary, italy and Spain but by 1549 even they refused to serve,

  • Edward was very excited about war and chivalry, in his chronicle one of the papers he produced was all about the 100yrs war, talked about the battles, strategies, leaders and finances

  • Ed was very excited by the meeting of the french military man (Marshal St Andre) who awarded him title of the ‘order of st Michael’ (medieval chivalry order in france)

  • Ed was well informed about military development and had frequent conversations with ambassadors

  • Ed had minimal influence but it did increase under Northumberland, he was too young as the conduct of war was priviluge of adult aristocracy but 1552 made detailed notes about the Hapsburg Valois war, influence shown, eg through his mention of including defence at Dartmouth castle

  • Somerset decided to keep pushing for the marriage with MQS

  • Aware of French aggression with the new King Henry III of France (immediate upon ascension) so Som strengthened the defences around Boulogne and Calais, but the French sent a fleet and 4000 troops to Scotland

  • Somerset felt he had no choice but to invade (used the excuse of arranging the marriage between MQS under the treaty of Greenwich in 1543)

  • England invaded in September 1547, 18000 troops and 4500 cavalry, 20000 poorly equipped scottish militia so the battle of pinkie clough occured (near edinburgh), england won but didn’t take Edinburgh and Dunbar. Militia were art time and English soldiers are full time. Wasn’t followed up despite only being 9 miles away. Not decisive enough to control Scotland but did give England but Somerset was worried about France

  • Victory over the lutherans in the HRE shifts the balance of power in Europe hugely as the biggest enemy for CV was now gone, so he can now champion the catholic church. (no league of schmalkalden as they are defeated and Luther was dead

  • September 1547, Somerset decided to garrison Scotland but Somerset left Scotland due to other concerns in England and fears of the french. Scottish nobles rallied to Mary of Guise and asked for more French help and agreed that MQS would go to france to marry the dauphin

  • Som tried to make an appeal to the scots for a union and marriage between Ed and MQS but the scots weren’t interested

  • June 1548 a french fleet landed in Scotland again, 10,000 troops nad MQS taken away to France in August 1548, she won’t be back until 1561. England thus strengthened the border (Berwick and Carlisle)

  • French then laid seige to Haddington - a scottish garrison town with 5000 english soldiers

  • Somerset believed that the french wouldn’t attack boulogne (too close to the netherlands) as this could antagonise CV and he could possibly ally with the English against France, there was alos currently a lull in the Hapsburg Valois war so CV could use this as an excuse to renew it

  • SUCCEEDED - France retreated so frane resumed the siege, but didn’t take Haddington as Fr was running out of supplies and Scotland turned against France as they were sick of Fr in their scotland

  • Aug 1549, rebellions broke out in England, Som kept troops in scotland (rebellions got out of hand) so somerset eventually recalled troops and fleets from Scotland, fleet is sent out to defend the channel and soldiers to deal with the rebellions which are now very serious

  • When Som left Scotland, lots of the french just went back as

  • Fr declare war in autumn 1549, final nail in the coffin of failure

  • soent 1386000 on foreign policy and 580000 inScotland

  • Paid for the debasement of the coinage, selling off the chantry lands (short term gain), gained extra parliamentary taxation, sold crown lands and borrowed from european bankers (eg Fuggers) at a huge interest rates

  • Generally agreed that Somerset was a good general on the field of battle (eg Pinkie) but hopeless as a commander (didn’t exploit Haddington or Pinkie)

  • odds against him as inherited a terrible situation from HVIII and would never break the auld alliance

  • France then resumed the siege of boulogne, no help from England as somerset was dealing with rebellion

NORTHUMBERLAND’S FOREIGN POLICY

  • few durable treaties or alliances were established, policies were vulnerable to reversal on the change of a monarch

  • the remoal of garrisons in scotland left scotland less under english influence and increased the chance of franco-scottish cooperation

  • diplomacy reduced the risk of a two front confflict (france and scotland) and allowed England to avoid overstretch

  • realistic statescraft accepted England’s limits after decades of war, prioritising stability over glory

  • the return or sale of english held Boulogne damaged England’s international prestige and reduced leverage in european diplomacy

  • england was paid 133,333 for the return of Boulogne, not as much as was agreed at Adres-Campe 1546 but more than henry II wanted to pay

  • The settlement allowed ministers to concentrate on domestic consolidation, rather than wasting resources overseas

  • avoiding entangling alliances preserved freedom for doesti policy (eg succession planning) but limited foreign influence

  • Northumberland’s cautious diplomacy avoided making England a junior partner to either Hapsburg Spain or Valois France giving freedom of manouvere

  • By ending expenisve campaigns, Northuberland helped stabilise the crowns finances and reduced the need for heavy taxation

  • 1552 treaty of Norham gave into Scotland and border was back to 1544 (pre rough wooing so achieved nothing)

  • pragmatic peace helped english connerce recover after years of war, benefitting ports and merchants

  • Northumberland negotiated a peace settlement with France (ending active warfare) which reduced military expenditure and freed money and men for domestic needs

  • England was diplomatically isolated from catholic monarchs, a liability when Mary became Queen

  • Peace with France came with humiliating concessions, domestic critics used this to accuse the gov of weakness

  • Cloth trade with the netherlands was really important to the english economy, but in April 1550 CV issued an edict which allowed the inquisition to arrest protestants in the netherlands, annoyed English merchants so edict modified not to include foreigners (was oing to bring in the spanish inquisition, religious court where guilty until proven innocent and will burn protestants)

  • Manny dutch prots fled to england, caused a collapse in the cloth trade as most merchants were protestant (Protestant work ethic), 1551 Cv even considered an invasion of england

  • England responds by putting embargo on the sale of cloth to the netherlands, harms economies of both countries so by 1552 he was wanting to improve the relationship (needs trade and is considered about hapsburg Valois war)

  • 1551 England was neutral in Europe, MArch 1552 the H-V war restarted (Cv and HII want an alliance). Both sides wanted England to help, NL refused. Then Fr invaded Netherlands and Cv wants England to help

  • Nl responded by strengthening Calais garrison, Nl still doesn’t want to drag Eng into war, so volunteered to act as an intermediary for both sides in Jan 1533, but Fr not interested so negotiations collapsed. Then Nl too busy with Ed death and succession crisis in July 1533

  • H-V war continues until 1559, but in 1552 the Duke of Guise takes Metz, Tuul and Verdun (fr win)owned by france to this day    

  • 1549 estrangement with CV, war with France and laid seige to Boulogne (france have declared war) Eng fleet beat Fr in channel, meant that Boulogne could be supplied by sea but Nl had no money

  • 1550 talks began between England and France, 1550 the treaty of Boulogne was put forward.

  • Henry II is very anti-English and wants England out of France fully, HII was also worried that CV may help in Boulogne (close to the netherlands)

  • War with france was considered a popular choice as it continued Henry VIII’s legacy

  • TREATY OF BOULOGNE - March 1550, england would withdraw from france (not calais), france paid 133,333, eng soldiers removed from scotland, no MQS marriage, defensive alliance, Ed to marry Liz of Valois (she married Philip in 1559), treaty of HII (in subsidiary treaty of Angers), english king didn’t give up claim to the throne (empty point), more in french favour but do get money and marriage

  • Boulogne was militarily and strategically useless (about 100 miles from calais, Calais Pale) and garrisons were expensive

  • Fr troops in scotland and Mary of Guise was in charge

  • Poor relationship with Scotland, due to rough wooing since 1544, soon aftertreaty of Boulogne england withdrew from Scotland, but the border issue was not resolved, 1550 Nl did a survey of the border, found the area in dispute was 15 × 4 miles

  • 1551 England and Scotland signed the trety of Norham, agreed the border would go back to the same situation as it was in the days of Henry VIII, before rough wooing, lord dacre (carlisle) delegated to sort out the scottish border

  • relations got worse with CV (defensive alliance with France, dislikes religious changes and additional pressure under Mary by NL and E who impsoe protestantism on her and her household, her priests have to hide, Mary refuses point blanc, Ed publicaly tells off M, she ends up in tears, so does Ed as they got on but simply disagreed religously. Mary consideres fleeing the country, as Cv sends boat to coast, she dithers but decides to stay

  • 1552 H-V war breaks out again

ELIZABETH’S SETTLEMENT

  • Parker was a clear prot, so must have had an impact when he became AofC

  • Asham and Cheke provided protestant/humanist education to liz.

  • coronation Liz said ‘away with those churches we can see well enough’

  • Liz was classified as a heretic under liz

  • dislikes some protestant ideas (likes short sermons as think long prot services are ranting at her)

  • ultimately a politique (politics above religion)

  • Marian exiles have been in geneva, where puritanaism and calvinism is, very vocal but a minority

  • inherits Mary’s cat PC (eg Kenninghall faction) so needs to change this as they won’t support her

  • Parlaiment at the start has 20 marian bishops in it and a few abbots as Mary restores a few monastries

  • the popualtion is still mostly catholi

  • Feb 1559 3 bills passed (supremacy and 2 others to do with uniformity0, passed in the Hoc but not in the HOL (Marian bishops)

  • Becomes Queen in Nov and Parl is called February, don’t know the content fully but one is likely the bill of suprmacey, another likely covers uniformity.

  • Bishop of chester says the moarch has no right to change religion and should be done by bishops ( anew idea as Ed, Mary pass ideas through parliament)

  • Heath argues for no supremacy as mary didn’t have it (woman)

  • In march there was a break for easter and there were 2 key events. 1) Gov sponsored debate in London (holy week debate) idea of the debate is the thrash out religious issues to pass bills, so they discuss 3 issues (transubstantiation, supremacy and latin vs english) but the debate is rigged (gov sponsored). Catholicsgive a long opening statement, then protestants give an opening statement and carry on. So the catholics don’t get a fair hearing, catholic bishops kick off and 2 are imprisoned.

  • cateau cambresis is signed in April 1559 which diminishes the threat of fr and MQS, don’t appease Philip too much but as they are at peace if the excommunication occurs now they are in big trouble.

  • 2nd attempt amalgamated the 3 bills into one, again passed in the HOC but the Bishop of Chester (HOL) who spoke out against Parl interfering in religion. Nicholas Heath (Archbishop of york) argued against the supremacy in general, and against the supremacy being held by a woman in particular. Viscount Montagu (Anthony Browne) warned that the proposed refomrs would leave ‘temples violated’

  • Thus it failed in the HOL, parliament breaks for the Easter recess, holy week debate occurs (key for the HOL) and the April 1559 treaty of Cateau cambresis diminishes the threat of Fr and MQS

  • 1559 ACT OF SUPREMACY - used the title of Supreme Governer, not head (via media as she is a woman as well as a RC compromise. Oath of supremacy is taken by Bishops and all Clergy and members of gov, if they don’t take it they will lose their jobs. Visitations reinforce this and if found lacking than prosecuted in the court of high commission. It revived the 10 Henrician acts that Mary had repealed and confirmed Liz as Supreme Governer so as not to upset the Catholics too much. Passed in the commons and in the lords after much debate (Marian bishops). Also brought in new treason law in the act. All but two of the bishops refused to take the oath, so they lost their jobs (25 out of 27). 96% of the clergy took the oath and only 4% didn’t (300). But she was quite clever as she was very liberal to those that did not take oath so as not to alienate all the catholics (worked well later in the Armada as the catholics remained loyal). Example of this is Heath (Archbishop of York and highest in the land as Pole is dead) who is persuaded over and over as liz wouldn’t sack him but in they had to, despite the fact they were desperate for a propaganda win but he is not executed. Bishop of llandaff is the only one who accepts the oath and sometimes the Bishop of sodor and mann is counted.

  • In 1558 john Knox (scot reformer wrote ‘on the monstrous regimen of women’ aimed at Mary of guise and CDM but liz dislikes it. in the book it says women shouldn’t hace spiritual authority over men.

  • 1559 ACT OF UNIFORMITY - made it compulsory to use the English BCP and every man had to go to church once a week or be fined 12p (aimed at gentry, cost is a couple of days wages for the poor). Book of common prayer was a compromise of the two prayer books of Edwards reign of 1549 and 1552, especially over the wording of communion. Another example of via media as Lis wants a BCP that everyone well be happy with. 1549 keeps the catholics happy as it mentions transubstantion but lutherans happy as this could be consubstantions as it mentions ‘the body of our lord Jesus Christ’ but also says ‘eat this in rememberance’. Transubstantion was denied and services were in English as well as the clergy being allowed to marry, pleased Protestants (thus not a compromise). Ornaments and vestements were the same as in the 1549 settlements (modernate). Liz puts forward the idea of ‘adiaphora’ (an excuse for keeping ornaments as she claims they are indifferent to be salvation), queens decision. But the emphasis on sacraments as well as the authority of bishops and the decision to allow colourful vestements pleased the catholics (this compromise, especially over vestemenets led to the vesterian controversy) passed in HOC, much debate in HOL and only passed by 3 votes, 21 v 18 due to 3 missing (easter debates and Abbot of Westminster AWOL as two have bishops had been arrested and AofW is a ‘royal peculiar’ as Westminster Abbey is held by the Queen after dissolution so he doesn’t want to vote)

  • PENALTIES ON THE LAITY AND CLERGY 1559 - mostly aimed at the gentry/nobility, penalties for recusants was a fine of one shilling, there are no executions of catholics until 1577, little change on a ground level. Penalties for anyone who supports the Pope as the head of the church. 1st offence - lost all properties/goods, 2nd - loss all goods and imprisonment and 3rd - execution (although not enforced by Parker as the Queen told him not to ask a 3rd time, doesn’t want martyrs). The penalty for persuading priests to perform RC mass (unlikely to be a peasant). 1st offence - 100 mark fine (5x priestly earnings in one year) 2nd offence - 400 mark fine. 3rd offence - life imprisonment and loss of goods/property. Penalties on clergy (if say mass and not follow BCP) 1st offence - 6 months imprisonment and fine. 2nd Offence - 1yr imprisonment and loss of earnings for a year. 3rd Offence - life imprisonment. Again not rigourously enforced,didn’t want to make martyrs of the laity or clergy, unlike Mary

  • 1559 ACT OF EXCHANGE - Allowed Queen to acquire the revenue from any vacant bishoprics. Aim was to make money. Any remaining monastries and chantries that MAry had restored were dissolved (final end to dissolution). Under the act of exchange Queen Liz had the right to trade church property in her possession for temporal (non spiritual) land in the church’s possession. Cutting wealth of bishops especially through church lands (great way of curtailing power and influence). Bishops gained interest from renting out land (like other land owners) but no couldn’t lease land out for more than 21 yrs, which stops them from making money. If queen didn’t want to use her asset to reward her followers (use ch as rewards mechanism and own assests to reward followers) then bishops might be persuaded to grant such laymen rewards. AOE resulted in protest from bishop elect (bish in HOL vote against this, The Bishops then sacked but even prot bish dislike it)

  • 1566 VESTERIAN CONTROVERSY - only time that Liz and parker fell out, 1565 Liz wrote to parker - moaned about the Bishops and clergy (in London) not follwoing the rules about vestements and the 1559 rules. Parker thus consulted other Bishops about the vestements and in 1566 he published his advertisements (a handbook for priests, detailing rules, vestements, fpcus on vestements). Parker followed the Queen and the settlement in everything (but advertisements) but compromised over the vestements (after talking to the bishops). Argues that Bishops etc (important clergy so this is part of the job) so must wear the full vestements, but the average clergyman can wear a simplified version of them. Backed up by a fashion show at lambeth palace where 110 clerft present (from london), 37 refused to accepth the vestement rules and so were suspended, they then hold illegal services in plumbers hall London (crisis) but they still dislike the simplified version. Liz wouldn’t make the advertisements law as they went against the 1559 act of uniformty and would also mean that Parker 9not queen as Supreme governer) was making the rules which goes against the Supremacy

  • FOXE - says Liz wanted a Prot settlement as Liz was a prot but she got a via media due to the Catholic marian bishops in the HOLand he uses the evidence of the first two attempts

  • NEALE - 1950s, a discredited theory argues that Liz wanted nat cat (like HVIII in 1547) and ended up with a via media due to the puritans in the HOC and calls them the ‘puritan choir’

  • ELTON - a critic of Neale, 1984 slags off Neale and says puritans don’t have influence that Neale claims, very few real puritans, HOC lacks the power to dictate

  • GRAVES - 1988, also a critic of Neale and clains that HOC doesn’t have the power to(in this period) to dictate influence to the monarch, in this period theyy do as they are told. Says the power Neale discusses only appears due to the civil war (anachronistic)

  • JONES - 1982 a critic of Neale, what Liz wanted was a via media and he got it (politics above religion)

  • HAIGH - 1980s similiar to Foxe, wanted Prot but blocked by HOL, puritan choir, doesn’t exist, a study of 400 MPS in HOC only 25 considered ‘radica; prots’ and 4 as puritans

  • largely catgolic pop accepteed the settlement, most fell under rthe time of ‘church Papists’ (outwardly prot but inwardly cat

  • change was initially fairly slow anyway which suited Liz as it didn’t cause rebellion, also able yo maintain cordial relations with Fr and Sp

  • lower clergy were mostly accepting (over 8000 took the oath of sup), position as supreme gov was secure

  • 1559 ACT OF FIRST FRUITS AND TENTHS - restored HVIII’s act of 1534, tax from clergy went to the crown and not the Pope, first fruits was the 1st yrs income, tenths a tenth of wage each year after first year, crown made 40k per annum

  • 1559 ROYAL INJUNCTIONS - drawn up by Cecil, similar to Cromwells, 56 in total, 57 in total, Liz really liked these as she agreed religously with cecil, good eg of via media. Eg pilgrimages banned, every church to have an english bible, every clergyman to have a latin bible, vestements reinforced and the black rubric proclomation (cat compromise, as still ‘kneeling out of good order’, cats can now believe its for transubstantion even though offiially its not)

  • 1563 LEGISLATION - passed in parliament, fines increase for recusants due to recusansy problems (a third of the gentry don’t attend), oath of supremacy extended to cover anyone in a position of power (Mp’s, lawyers, doctors, teachers, judges), still no one executed, Parker still asked not to ask the oath for a third time.

  • 1563 39 ARTICLES - deals with what people believe, dealt with theology, 39 points, based on carnmers 42 articles (under Nl so more rad), drawn up by parker (a prot/anglican which is very Liz as Parker was in charge of liz’s spiritual welfare since death of AB), all prot with no catholic elements so not a via media, , eg article 28 is communion which is calvinist and article 17 which is predestination so is lutheran, Doran describes it as ‘something of a hybrid’ became a law in the 1571 patl likely due to the increase of the catholic threat

THE PURITAN CHALLENGE

  • Many of the Marian exiles had gone to places like Calvin’s Geneva (a protestant theocracy strictly ruled based on calvinist principles)

  • Many of these exiles now return to England, including John Knox, who returns to his native Scotland and leads the scottish reformation

  • Two books that came back to England from geneva (The Geneva Bible and the Book of martyrs) provided justification to English Protestants to view England as an elect nation chosen by God to complete the work of the reformation

  • An Elizabethan pamphleteer (throckmorton) calls puritans ‘the hotter sort of protestants’ , insisting that england be ;purified’ from all traces of catholicism.

  • First major fall out was the cruxifix controversy in 1560 and was pushed by two puritan bishops (Jewel and Sandys). Liz wanted to restore cruxifixes in churches where they had been destroyed. New Bishops like Jewel and Sandy’s said they would resign but Parker went along with it saying that it was part of the Queens right as Governer of the Church (Diaphora). The result was a compromise and there were no resignations as the bishops weren’t forced to carry this out in all of their parishes.

  • Liz allowed her militant bishops to create ‘interpretations’, their guidelines for how to implement the Act of Uniformity on a day-today basis. BUT she never officially sanctioned these interpretations and so wouldn’t support her bishops when ministers refused to follow instructions. She also reacted harshly to Protestants who behaved in too Puritan a way. When militant churchmen forced through an insistence that a second refusal to swear the oath of supremacy was high treason, Liz ordered the bishops not to administer the oath. Parker shouldered the responsability of this well and managed to walk a moderate middle line between his militant bishops and his more conservative Queen.

  • Liz preferred the company of moderates (Cecil, parker) than the ‘stiff-necked and hard-faced exiles’ who formed new church heirarchy (Jewel, Grindal and Whittingham). She was more interested in semons as entertainment and oratory than in the power of individuals preaching the Word of God

  • WINDOWS INTO MENS SOULS

  • FULLER - ‘a church but halfly reformed’ which he said directly to Queen Liz. (puritan)

  • Collinson argues that Puritans don’t see this as a true reformation

  • Puritans want a church that only recognizes the authority of scripture (stop recognising tradition and ecclesiastical councils), the BCP retains too many of the old rituals they assosciate with catholicism, eliminate the elaborate dress of the clergy, eliminate the sign of the cross, the rite of confirmation, terms like ‘priests’ and ‘absolution’, the observation of saints days, church organs, and a church that puts gods word ahead of political and worldly concerns

  • 1576 was the first arrest with Thomas Wenlocke

  • The puritan movement turned out to be disunited and when key figures die in the 1580s there is a lack of support and after the Armada they don’t need this patriotic puritanism, turn out to be very loyal especially when faced with more radical protestants who attack the CofE.

  • Puritanism develops mostly due to the Marian exiles, initially there were only 4 but it spread quickly.

  • Calvin was a frenchman who set up a theocracy in geneva (one of the first/only). God rules the state. Geneva Bible is the puritan version of the Bible (puritans in England want this) and in 1584 Turner puts forward his book ‘Geneva prayer Book’ which is a pivotalpuritan version of Liz’s BCP as they were unhappy with her phrase on transubstantiation (puritans believe it to be purely symbolic)

  • Foxe’s book of martyrs (1560) had multiple editions/revisions and one of the most read books

  • three main types: conformist/episcopal, presbyterian and seperatists

  • CONFORMIST - least radical, also known as episcopal, generally the bishops and work within the church and create change from within. Main concerns are vestements, ornaments, prayer book, no challenge to church heirachy as they exist within it. Dislike the black rubric and baptisms, have short complaints (eg 1560 cruxifix controversy and 39 articles and vesterian controversy). By the 1570s the presbyterians are the biggest concerns and Catholics so Liz starts to rely on conforrmists

  • PRESBYTERIANS - middle (eg Knox), increase in the 1570s (more vocal), won’t compromise with the CofE as they don’t think its protestant enough, not reformed enough, anti-Liz due to her control over the church but not against her as Queen. Wnat to use synods (liz hates this) as this doesn’t involve Bishops or her. Accept her as Queen but not involved in the church. calvin had this system in genoa and saves European monarchs as they can survive seperate to the church. Geneva is seen as the mdoel (how its run in Switzerland), classical presbetyrians in Synods in England in the 1580s.
    SEPERTAISTS - most radical (eg Mayflower in 1620), smallest group, no church authorities just independent congregations, want to interpret the Bible themselves, own ideas, varying ideas from congregations (some isolate, some work together), vieweed with suspicions and persecuted and executed. 1593 law against ‘secretarian groups’ aimed at them and caused executions, eg barrowists and brownists. Often have a literal interpretation of the Bible (eg dont swear so won’t swear in court which is socially subversive), share wealth which destroys feudalism/tradition. Browne and Greenwood are key players, Brown also begins to practice adult baptism (heresy in the eyes of cats/prots) he was sent to Netherlands as Pres/Sep thrives here.

  • GRINDAL (to Liz) ‘remember Madam that you are a mortal creature’

  • FIRST CHALLENGE (conformist) - cruxifix controversy (see earlier)

  • SECOND CHALLENGE (conformist) - 1563 variation in eucharistic belief, allowed the sacraments and vestements and the sign of the cross in baptism. Calvinists saw the Bible as the only source of authority. the convocation of canterbury in 1563 established the beliuefs of the CofE with the 39 articles. Puritan revisions narrowly miss out on a vote of 58-59. They wanted to add another 5 articles to the 39 (eg holy days abolished, sign of cross in baptism, up to the individual if you kneel at communion)

  • THIRD CHALLENGE (conformist) - Liz complains in 1565, the vesterian controversy (officially occurs in 1566). Liz dismissed Oxford Academic Thomas Sampson for refusing to wear vestements, Liz writes a letter to Parker moaning about the lack of conformity and she insists on Adiaphora. Archbishop Parker published his ‘advertisements ‘ in 1566 reaffirming the need for vestements, there was a fashion parade at lambeth Palace, but the ads never become law.

  • CHALLENGE 4 (presbyterian) - 1570-71, Cartwright 1570 has a series of spring lectures. Cartwright was a cambridge presbyterian academic/lecturer who attacked the system of bishops and royal supremacy in his lectures at Cambridge, he got sacked, later Cartwright wrote a second admonition in support of Field and Wilcox. He was well known in government/puritan circles. Lectures are known as the ‘spring lectures’, he put forward synods, criticises bishops and the church government (synods had not really been introduced yet and discusses the royal supremacy) highly contencious and gets him sacked from Cambridge

  • CHALLENGE 5 (presbyterian and conformist) occurs in the 1571 parl which is hugely RC due to the Northern Earls and 1570 Papal bull). Conformist bishops in the HOL introduced the Alphabet bills to make the clergy more ‘godly’, eg to end pluralism. Probably would have got through parliament as wasn’t too radical but strickland who was a presbyterian in the HOC introduced another bill to reform the BCP (make it more puritan). Wants to end kneeling at communion, remove vestements. Queen was very angry as it goes against the 1559. Queen then used the royal veto to block both bills, so both were thrown out of parliament. HOL puritans blamed failure of the alphabet bills on Strickland and HOC so split the puritan movement. Also three treason laws passed in this parliament. Biggest issue is the introduction of the Geneva Bible which went aginst the settlement.

  • CHALLENGE SIX - 1572 (under the patronage of Wilcox) Field and Wilcox argue for a calvanist system of governance in the church. Field’s ‘admonition’ . BCP describe as ‘popish dunghill’ and said the BCP was ‘repugnant’ to the word of god (Bible). Too radical for lots of puritans and they turn against Field. Cartwright writes a 2nd adminition to back up Fields ideas. Feel they can say whatever they want due to their powerful patron. Pamphelt is called ‘the adminition of parliament’ which slags of CofE and they want Synods (builds off of Cartwright). Splits the movement as it is so radical, conformists applaud (especially at Language) and they had a high amount of respect for Cranmer and this is based off of himself BCP. First time the royal veto is used. Strickland did have some support but it was limited

  • By 1572 there had been some radical attempts, Queen is unhappy but she needs the puritans onside (threat of MQS) 1572 also allies with the French but the alliance is nearly wrecked in 1572 as thousands of Protestants were massacured (river Seine ran red with blood) Leicester and Walsingham want war but the fear of ICC is growing (MQs, excommunication, Sparmy)

  • Puritans were nearly completely discredited as Liz needed them, 1572 many nobles had puritan sympathy (Leicester and Walsingham), 1572 was the massacre of St Bartholomew)

  • 1575 Parker dies and he is replaces with Grindal as AofC and he is a conformist puritan (attempt to win over the puritans)

  • CHALLENGE SEVEN GRINDAL 1576 - Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1576, a conformist puritan, supposed to meet the demands of the presbyterians. Clashed with Liz over encouraging preaching and also ‘prophesyings’ meetings where priests/ministers prayed, discussed theology and ideas about how to preach. Collinson called them ‘universities of the poorer clergy’. liz felt they were a threat to uniformity. Tells Grindal to shut them down, he declines and he says ‘madam you are but mortal’ . Suspended until his death in 1577 until his death in 1583 so no AofC in Eng. Stays under house arrest in lambeth, no prophesying but continues illegally under the name ‘the lectures’ and Liz turns a blind eye.

  • CHALLENGE 8 - 1580s (calvinist), authority from the bottom up, no bishops, developed more strongly after the vesterian controversy. Classis system, was introduced post-Grindal, based on the system of Synods (geneva/calvin) like an upside down hierarchy (local council of ministers and elders) there was a provinical synod (gathering) and national synod (1582 and 1587) Network coordinated by Field outside of London.

  • WHITGIFT - Liz’s Chaplain 1563, Arcbhishop of Canterbury in 1583 and PC 1586. Vice chancellor of Cambridge (dismissed Cartwright at Spring lectures) Whitgift insisted on unity and obedience to the monarch. fully anglican not puritan at all. As Archbishop he introduced three articles (made all clergy accept them). Acknowledge royal supremacy, accept BCP totally and recognise that the 39 articles conform to the word of God. Leicester and Walsingham forced him to back down (puritan and petition council) to two and change it to just accept the ‘ex officio’ oath. Have to take oath then asked three questions, the third is the least contencious. Loads kick off as they are tarred with the same brush as the cats. They even threaten a mass walkout. Write to Leicester and Walsingham and get Whitgift to back down, second is amended to have ‘totally’ removed and existing clergy don’t have to take it and only new ones do. SUCCESS

  • 1580s also the campaign against Liz’s ban on religious discussion by some MPs.

  • 1584-5 TURNERS BILL AND BOOK - camapign to abolish the BCP, a bill bassed by both houses on ‘sabbath observance’ (eg dancing around the maypole) was rejected by Liz saying she would not tolerate new fangledness. Used the royal veto again.

  • 1586-7 Sir Anthony Cope tried again to introduce a similar ‘bill and book’ (Feb 1587) and was imprisoned alongside 4 other Mps

  • 1587 Wentworth also challenged Liz on her ‘restriction of freedom of speech’ and he was also imprisoned. Said MPS had the right to discuss religion in parliament. Through her orders limiting freedom of speech, messages to the speaker, the imprisonment of members who disobeyed and the royal veto of passed bills. Liz effectively lifted religion out of the remit of the parl and even bishops. Thus ultimately never changed anything in parliament.

  • By the end of the 2580s, a very few puritan clergy prepared to openly rebel against Whitgift, the parliamentary approach had fialed. After the armada there was no reason to be so patriotic and puritan and key puritan leaders were dead (leicester in 1588, Walsingham in 1590 and Field in 1588). Whitgift wa doing a good job. MQS executed in1587, 1588 armada failed    

  • 1589 MARTIN MARPRELATE TRACTS - ‘Martin Bishop smasher’, against the bishops but was so rude it alienated a lot of puritans, author unkown as martin wasn’t real and is simply a translated name. Used foul language to illustrate its points. Many puritans horrified by it and tries to distance themselves from it. Against all aspects of Liz’s settlement

  • 1580 BROWNISTS EST IN NORWICH - Robert Brown was the leader, wrote a ‘brief treatise of reformation without tarrying for any’. Argued in this that the CofE for more pure type of church (voluntary gathering of saints) 1583 Thatcher and Copping were executed for distributing Brownist leaflets

  • 1583 Greenwood and Barrow executed

  • 1583 act against sectarie (if dont conform then executed so many left for the neths) not lots of exeutions but some, more cats executed than puritans

  • HOOKER AND THE LAWS Of ECCLESIASTICAL POLITY 1593 - bishop of exeter, final nail in coffin, slags off puritans and backs up the settlement, piece of Anglican propaganda, accepted that it was a via media/compromise but argued it was closer to early christianity than either puritans or RC. Said the superstitious bits of Rc had been removed to reveal a simple form of faith based on the Bible. Other matters like Aidaphora indifferent and he thought bishops were not esstential (not in new testament) for maintaining order in Ch

  • Liz’s repeated use of royal injunctions to assert her authority over doctrine and worship undermined the puritan challening, reinforcing social change

PRIVY COUNCIL

  • SCRETARY OF STATE - queen’s pricipal advisor, expected to deal with any state matter or administrative problem that arose. cecil held the post from 1558-1573. Walsingham shared the post with Davison from 1573 until dvison’s dismissal in 1587 and then continued alone until 1590. cecil and his father then shared the post from 1591-1596 and then Robert Cecil took over officially. The principal secretary was in continual contact with the Queen, and as all her correspondence passed through hi, he controlled access to her.

  • LORD CHAMBERLAIN - ran the household, supervised appointments and controlled access to the Privy chamber.

  • LORD TREASURER - (Paulet/cecil), repsonsible for keeping England solvent, he administered ordinary rev and kept gov expenditure within limits. The post was held by Marquis of Winchester until 1572 when Burghley took over.

  • COMPTROLLER OF THE HOUSEHOLD - household accountant

  • CHANCELLOR OF THE DUCHY OF LANCASTER - adminidminisering the estates and revenues of the dutchy. In 1559 cave’s duty also included administering the oath of supremacy, raising a militia and adjudicating in cases of murder, burglary and other felonies

  • VICE CHAMBERLAIN - assisted the lord chamberlain

  • KEEPER OF THE GREAT SEAL - honorary office and gave the holder control over the physical means by which documents were legalised

  • LORD HIGH ADMIRAL - commanded all naval personnel, ajudicated disputes relating to matters at sea and appinted officers and assigned them duties.

  • two elements of Liz’s household are the above stairs (in contact with the queen) and below stairs (not in contact with the queen)

  • OLD COUNCILLORS - Derby, shrewsbury, Arundel, Pembrokw, Howard of Effingham, Lord Admiral Clinton, Marquis of Winchester, Cecil

  • ENW COUNCILLORS - Sackville, Knollys, Bacon, Bedford, Northampton, rogers and Cave

  • CECILS ACHIEVEMENTS - managed the business of the HOC and HOL through organisation and attention to detail, drafting all Liz’s corresondence with foreign ambassadors and agents particularly between 1558 and 1572, when he was principal advisor and executor for foreign affairs, cotinued a prudent economic policy cutting gov expenditure savinf from ordinary rev and selling crown lands which ensured england was able to meet the costs of the 1580s onwards and to end the reign with a comparatively small debt, prvided effective methods of admin for the PCO which as the cente of the fov was concerned with everything in the country, created an intelligence service at home and abroad, creatd a propaganda system which esnured public acceptance of Liz and her settlement.

  • CECIL’S CONTRIUTIONS - 1568 Bullion affair, Cecil argued that as the money had not legally belonged to the Spanish until it arrived in the Netherlands Liz was free to ‘borrow it, MacCafrey described him as ‘the dynamo which kept the routine business of gov running smoothly and effectively, Rad says tgat although he assumed responsibility for national finances he was primarily hereafter a councillor. After 1585 he had to cope with the financial and administrative burden of war with Spain while struggling with his own declining health.English intervention in 1560 secured the success of the scottish reformation and the subsequent expulsion of of french troops from Scotland, Cecil pushed this policy despite Liz’s reluctance to help the scotttish rebels

  • 1559-160 - Debate focused on the question of intervention in Scotland. cecil was in favour but he had to win over many of the other councillors by arguing that a french presence north of the border was always undesirable and if it could be ended sending troops was worthwile

  • 1562 - Liz and the council disagreed over her wish to meet MQS, in the end Liz did not go

  • 1562 - council met in emergency when Liz got smallpox over fears of the succession, they failed to reach a conclusion with the decision being divided over 2 claimants *Dudley and Archduke Charles of Austria

  • 1566 - posiibility of marriage is discussed, Leicester and Knollys led the opposition to the match to Charles to the annoyance of Sussex who carried out much of the negotiation

  • 1568 - MQS i England but the council was adament there was no possibility Liz would restore to her the throne in Scotland or let her leave England (until she submitted to a form of trial), eventually Liz agreed. She attended some council meetings to press her POV while the councillors belived it was their duty to offer advice.

  • 1567 - Liz considers marrying Charles but worried about whether he could keep his catholicism to private services, council split over Liz’s decision. Knew they could offer their own opinion but Liz would make her own decision. Leicester worked to prevent the match, playing the prot card aginst Norfolk, cecil and Sussex who were in favour of the marriage. cecil accused Leicester of exploiting religion for his own ends.

  • 1569-70 - council met frequently to discuss the dangers arising from the arriavl of MQS. the english cats and the threat of Fr and Sp,. Council divided. cecil and Bacon wanted to establisha lliances with foreign prots and Leicester and Arundel who wanted an alliance with MQS and Fr. Liz listened to her council but ddin’t feel obligated to follow.

  • 1572 - french envoy said liz did nothing without the support of her council, COuncil met in emergency of the massacre of St Bartholomew’s day, Burghley viewed this as confirmation of the ICC. Council increased guards around MQS and provisions to defend the south coast. When Liz recieved the french ambassador they all supported her, dressed in mourning clothes.

  • 1573 - Walsingham became a member of the Council when he took ocer as principal sec and in the 1570s the council worked in a largely unified way, close connections and general support of prot policy. cheif disagreement was often with Queen herself, not with the membership

  • 1579-81 - negotiations held over Froggy, in a 12 day long meeting the 12 councillors present thrashed out the issue and it ended with 7 of them opposing the issue. Considerable public hostility to the march as well as a considerable public propaganda campaign. Furious liz threatened to create 4 new catholic councillors and then asked for the council’s advice again. Sussex, burghley and Hudson refused to oppose the marriage but there was opposition (Leicester) and he continued to whip up public opinion. Despite exchanging betrothal rings in nov 1581 Liz eventually rejected froggy telling him the people were against the marriage.

  • 1578 - issue was to give military aid to the prot rebels in the netherlands. Leicester and Walsingham urged intervention and Burghley councelled againt it. it developed into a personal contest for political power as the council formed two distinct groups with genuine policy decisions. Leicester gained the most support, Liz played for time as long as possible but had to send troops in 1585 when Spanish conquest seemed likely. Burghe;y’s group commanded the Queens support although leicester was ultimately successful.

  • 1584 - council reacted strongly agaisnt the assassination of William of Orange, feared an attempt on the Queen so drew up the ‘the istrument of an assosciation for the preservtaion of her maesty’s royal person known as the bond of association. All leading advisors signed the bond.

  • 1586 - the council pushed Liz to call parliament to sanction a death warrant for MQS, Burghley really wanted this and Walsingham then claimed to have heard about a plot to blow up liz with gunpowder under her bed. After Liz reluctantly signed the death warrant in 1587, davison then dispatched it without permission.

  • 1590s - a new generation of politicians matured, led by Robert cecil and Essex. Each commanded a party of supporters at a local and parliamentary level. liz was aware of essex’s huge ambitions and ensured that political vacancies went to cecil and his followers. Polarised the council into seperate factions which only ended after Essex’s execution which left Cecil supreme.

  • 1593 - Essex admitted to the council where he championed an agressive foreign policy, secretly negotiating with James VI in an attempt to revive the idea of a protestant coalition. his strategies were contested by a faction which was led by Cecil and Cobham and included Raleigh, they wanted a primarily maritame war policy

  • 1596 - Essex tried to have his friend Sidney appointed as Lord chamberlain and then Warden of the Cinque ports, but both jobs were given to the Cobham family. He then staked his reputation on gaining the office of Attorney-general for Bacon and was devastated by the Queen’s refusal. He continued to oppose cecil who wanted England to negotiate to end the war with Spain, now that france and Spain had made peace. Im 1598, during a heated debate on who should be sent to Ireland as Lord deputy. Essex turned his back on the queen, she slapped him across the face for the insult.

  • 1601 - after his disastrous military campaign in Ireland and the Queen not renewing his patent on sweet wines, Essex openly plotted rebellion, and was executed.

  • ORGANIC STATE - crown depended on the governing class and the governing class depended on the crown for social and economic advancement.

  • ROLE OF THE MONARCH - ultimate decider as all laws required the queens consent, picked when parliament would meet and what would be discussed (eg no royal perogative). decided when country would go to war, decided all matters of education, decided what citizens would eat and wear (sumptuory laws), decided when to send someone to prison/order execution. Though all laws required the queens consent, she could not pass laws by herself, however she could have abill drawn up and approved by parliament, she could pass a royal proclamation without parliament (despite 1639/47 proclomation laws)

  • Tasks of the government included: to keep law and order throughout the realm, fair judicial systems, to defend england from foreign foes, to take some interest in the well-being of the people and to raise money to carry out its tasks.

  • The Tudor gov was personal and based on the personality of the monarch. In order to enforce policy and maintain control Liz was dependent on the nobility and gentry classes. She kept them loyal through the use of the court and system of patronage (although notoriously stingy)

  • Liz exploited the mystique of monarchy through her use of court rituals and progresses (propagnda) and to keep daily contact with her councillors)

  • Liz was aided in gov by her statesman of outstanding political abilities and longeiveity (stability) is a testament off how she selected the rught men for the job.

  • As a woman she used feminity and flattery to win over councillors, uses her sex and personality uses her ‘virgin queen’ (eg Armada speech)

  • Cecil remained in power until his death in 1592, Leicester in 1588 and Walsingham in 1590

  • Despite having clearly defined powers, the roles of the courtm household, privy council, parlaiment and law courts overlapped

  • Central gov only worked well when Liz kept ambitous politicians in check. She did this well during the high point of her reign (1570/80s). But in recent years, historianshave increasingly criticised her use of patronage and factions to play off rival courtiers agianst one another in the 1590s (this period is seen as the decline in central government)

  • Traditionall historians view her as ‘great Queen’ who struggled aginst a confident government

  • Revisionisst percieve her gov as stable and cooperative institutions, free of tensions especially in the 1570 and 1580s.

  • Haigh believes Liz undermined her effectivness by ruling through personal relationships (eg Cecil, Dudley, Cecil and Devereux), leading to factional rivalry, they thus dominate parl and get away with this

  • most privy councillors were also household officers (priavte rooms only held women)

  • Life at court included: entertaining foreign ambassadors, Pc meetings (weekly if not daily in the 1580s), entertaibments, tournaments, music, masques

  • NORFOLK - Thomas Howard, cousin of Liz, most powerful nobleman in england, owned 414 estates and his tennants are generally loyal to him, owned 1 palace and 5 manor houses, Duke controlled the norfolk comission of the pecae and was responsible for appointing half the JPS, inolved in N’ern earls and executed in 1572 after involvement in the Ridolfi plot.

  • Norfolk was the most powerful nob but there were other key families (percy, nevilles, Westmoreland, erby, Shrewsbury, Bedford and Pembroke). Liz couldn’t ignore these nobles and they came to be essential intermederies, Haigh - ‘ a county representaive at court and the court’s representaive at county level’. Liz used nobles at a local level (eg making them lords lieutenants) but kept an eye on them by making them come to court

  • Privy council, was Liz’s main group of advisors, leading purpose was to give different opinions on issues, usuually controlled routine admin and involved in: matters of religion, military matters, queens security, economics, welfare of citizens, deals with national and individual importance, welfare of citizens, issued procs in the queens name and supervised law and enforcement

  • Wanting to reduce problems, she dropped the member count from 50-19, by her death in 1603 there were only 13 members, in the early years they met 3x a week by the end it was almost every day, crown delegated a lot of their work to secretaries.

  • Liz consulted with men outside the council and prticularly foreign ambassadors (notably when close to war), Liz kpt accurate niotes which she used to question councillors and catch them out, Liz participated in discussions to prevent the council deciding on policies that she would later rejct, she refused to deal with the council as a whole and she only dealt witha small group of councillors, Liz promoted divisions among her councillors encouraging them to compete for rewards, Liz displayed affection ‘god be thanked her balsts be not the storms of other princes’ but she ddi display anger and even violence. Leicester and Walsingham were excluded from court, Arudnel went under house arrest, Davison and Croft imprisoned and Norfolk and essex were executed

  • CECIL - good politician, cautious in policy, determined to maintain England’s independence from europe. avoid war unless its in the national interest, defend prot but not a puritan (via media), ddin’t like Leicester who he thought he was out for personal gain

  • LEICESTER - Liz favourite, tall, handsome, arrogant, unreliable, influence with liz caused lots of dislike. once it was obvious Liz wouldn’t marry him he tried to block other marriage attemopts, puritan, happy to go to war (eg neths)

  • ROBERT CECIL - son of William cecil, groomed by his father, great organisational skills, Essex saw him as a rival and slowed down his advancements, Cecil’s impatience to rise meant that he exploited the system of patronage to promote himself and his supporters, not awlays popular with liz unlike his father

  • ESSEX - charming, good looking and ambitious, wanted to control royal patronage and appoint his own men at court, Queen’s favourite after Dudley died, Dudley’s step son and promoted by him, openly jealous of other men at court, especially if Liz liked them, aggressive in council meetings, ensted military glory and war with Spain.

PARLIAMENT

  • Lords and commons doesn’t really change in composition, possibly due tot he influence of the rev in gov

  • It sat for about 3 of Liz’s 45 years

  • Liz decided when to summon/dismiss Parliament, she could also veto any law (eg Wentworth in 1576, alphavet bills in 1563 and marriage) , for law required the crown’s consent as well as that of the of the two houses

  • There were 57 male peers when Liz ascended and along with them in the Bishops sat 26/27 Bishops (depending on whether you count the Bishop of Sodor/Mann)

  • Each english county elected two members and each welsh county sent one

  • Attendence at each session was never good and declined according to their length, procedures to punish non attenders were introduced, eg fines

  • tended to raise isues that helped government issues, eg local issues

  • Parliaments were a mean by which extraordianry taxation. and new laws were approved, it was called to debate and advise upon gov bills, it’s control over over the granting of taxation gave it the opportunity to to air its grievances (usually local) to the queen

  • Liz dislikes free speech and marriage so dislikes parl but uses shorter sessions (need tax)

  • Usually called for taxation/laws, if Liz wants taxes they use this to get something from her.

  • It was the monarch who decided how often the parliament should meet, Li only summoned parliament ten times (13 different sessions) during her 46 year reign.

  • Parlament was asked to supply taxation (subsidy) in 11 of her 13 sessions held, due to foreign policy mostly. 434 public and private acts were passed by liz’s parl and many more were considered.

  • Liz’'s parliaments were under the control of her councillors who were responsible for nominating MPs, panning business and managing proceedings. The councillors were also prepared to use parliament to pressurise the queen into agreeing with a particular policy. MPs were carefully vetted by the council. Local officials were instructed to supervise elections and ensure the right person was elected. This however strengthened local patrons rather than the Queen, eg Cecil was responsible for placing 26 MPs in 1584.

  • Liz herself goes into parliament occassionally, eg 1576 and Wentworth

  • Councillors appoint MPs (thus their position in parliament is dependent on them) which creates unofficial factions when they should be doing the QUEENS bidding (but often do this anyway as councillors are loyal to the Queen). But can also use them in the opposite way, if they disagree with Liz (eg marriage) then they can use Mps to hassle/vote strategically

  • by the later 16th century (especially by 1570s) freedom of speech in parliament was regarded as an ancient and undoubted privilige, although Liz sought to limit its application to ‘matters of state’ (othewise its the royal perogative)

  • Meeting at well-spaced intervals, Liz’s parliaments work out an avergae of 3 weeks only for every year of her reign. Just 6% of the time Liz was on the throne. As her lord Keeper said in 1593 ‘Her majesty have evermore been most loth to vsll for the assembly of her people in parliament’

  • Only 10% of MPs spoke in debates and on avergae only 47% of MPs voted.

  • Several times in liz’s reign, Parliament acted as a pressure group in conjunction with other political forces, unsuccessfully in the demands of puritan MPs, unsuccesfully in the demands of the succession, but this did eventually work (eg MQS in 1587)

  • At the beginning of Liz’s reign a committee of the PCO was named ‘for the consideration of all things necessary for the parliament’. When sessions of parliament opened, we can see in the commons a collaboration of councillors. Debates were often orchestrated by privy councillors, one bringing up another measure, another the next measure and so on. HOC was also managed by what historians call ‘men of business’, the clients of PCO and oother prominent persons who could be depended onto introduced measures or speeches in favour of them.

  • Liz in effect added the strength ofparliament to her own, she could summon parliament when she needed it, and can prorogue or dissolve parliament when she wanted to (prorogue meant to put into recess, sometimes for years but the same parl was recalled next time. When parl was dissolved, new elections had to be held before a new parl met)

  • Veto any Parl (Liz can do) she voted over 60 bills in her reign. Dispense with or suspend any statute or act of parliament. Dispense - the law/part of the law did not apply or suspend the law doesn’t apply in particular cases.

  • Each parliament had one session often lasting only a few weeks, except for the 1563-1567 (2 sessions) and 1572-18 (3 sessions)

  • Liz cannot repeal an act of parliament she has to do this through parliament

  • Liz reserved the right to tell MPs what they could and could not discuss. She made a sharp distinction between ‘matters of commonwealth’ and ‘matters of state.

  • Matters of commonwealth were local affairs and non perogative economic matters. these the commons could freely discuss

  • Matters of state where the queens marriage, succession, religion (when challenging settelement), royal supremacy, foreign policy, policy adminisatration and regulation of trade. Not to be discussed unless invited.

  • Liz stood firmly by her perogative, especially on issues concerning religion an succession. Though she granted ‘freedom of speech’ to her first parl she was quick to scold commons for their ‘very great presumptions’ in asking her to marry

  • Number of peers remained roughly constant throughout Liz’s reign: 57 at her accession and 55 at her death. In 1558 these consisted of one dukt (Norfolk, executed and none after him), one Marquis, 15 earls, two viscounts, and 38 barons. In 1603 it was one marquis, 16 earls, 2 viscounts and 36 barons.

  • 14 noble families died out for lack of a male heir and six noblemen were attainted, but Liz created a few new titles to make up the numbers (eg Essex)

  • The HOL was generally pliable to the royal will but occasionally they took a stanf. in 1563 and 1566 the lords spearheaded attempts to insist that Liz marry and establish the succession.

  • 23 bishops also sat in the HOL, as bishops were royal appointees they tended to vote in the same way as the Queen wished. There were occasionall exceptions (eg 1566-7 Liz was infuriated by the protest of two archbishops and 13 bishops when she ordered a church ref bill and it stopped in the lords.

  • Although the crown created borough seats and worked to obtain places for royal servants. Liz made no direct attempt to interefere in the composition of the commons.

  • ‘Court candidates’ were regularly elected, there were about 60 in liz’s first parl and about 90 in her last.

  • The commons saw considerable turnover in its members, 60% of the members of the 1586 parl had not sat in 1584 and the proportion was higher still on other occasions.

  • Continuity and sophistication were fostered by the increasing education standards of MPs, of the 420 MPs in 1563, 139 (33%) had attended university and/or the inns of court. By the 1584 parl, the figure was 219 out of 460 (47%) and in 1593 this increased to 252 (55%)

  • The commons did begin to establish an’insitutional memory’ procedures and priviliges gradually became firmly established. Cromwell began this with the rev in gov, put priviliges and procedures in place, eg bill having 3 readings before occuring (standard now)

  • Only landed people can vote one of their own in

  • Parliament had been little more than a rubber stamp in the first half of the 16th century. During Liz’s reign the HOC became increasingly confident and assertive.

  • The belief was widespread that the crown should finance ordianry expenses ffrom permanent revenue sources (customs, rents and royal lands) direct taxation by parliamentary subsidies was seen as an emergency measure.

  • PArl did vote taxation to cover war (against Spaina and in ireland) but the roceeds were inadequate. Liz was forced to sell crown land, thereby decreasinf ordinary revenue. Receipts from land were in any case failing, as inflation outpaced rent increases, land was generally let on long leases.

  • Liz turned to various (dubiously legal) means to increase revenue, eg leaving bishoprics vacant (HOL dislike this as its one of their number) so she could pocket episcopal income. Or licensisng privateers to rob the spaniards in exchange for a cut of the profits)

  • These schemes produced political problems, eg 1601 monopolies debate where there was significant opposition to royal policies in parliament.

  • But ogten royal policy was largely in accordance with public sentiment, eg measures against religious dissent, catholic threat, vagabonds, and so passed easily through parl as they were popular with the political nation.

  • finance and freedom of speech were the most contencious

  • Neale - puritan choir (40Mps), power of the HOC increased, commos gained self confidence and power

  • Elton k(revisionist) parl worked in harmony with liz, routine admin required to vote subisides, pass public bills and debate

  • 1598 raised a triple subisdy

  • 1559 took 3 attempts to get settlement through

  • LOTHERINGTON - ‘subordinate to the crown in it’s medieval youth, it grew to become the dominant instiution in english politics’

  • Cecil shaped and framed bills before they went to parliament

  • Knollys and HAtton often spoke for the Queen in the HOC

  • GUY - ‘legislative business was properly directed’ (controlled by Liz)

  • 1601 parl ended with the golden speech and the Mps cried and kissed her hand

  • HPC was a training ground for a future PCO so to get ahead they towed the line

  • JAN-MAY 1559 - SETTLEMENT OF RELIGION, pushed through because of the effects of strongly prot councillors (Cecil, Knolly, Cooke, Bacon) in the face of opposition of the HOL, took three attempts to get through

  • JAN- APRIL 1563/ SEP 1566-67 - LIZ WANTED MONEY FOR WAR WITH SCOT/FR - large number of MPs urged Liz to marry even through they were infringing on the royal perogative by doing so, 1563 they openly pressed the issue and in 1566 they were more subte (1566 Liz prevented the passing of bills for further religious reforms that were favoured by cecil and the Bishops. Firts difference between Parl and Liz on an issue she considered to be the royal perogatove (1563 oath extended and 1563 poor law)

  • APRIL-MAY 1572 - TREASON AND SUPRESSION OF 1569, intros 3x treason laws, parl grants a subsidy and was happy to support anti-catholic sentiment, admonition to Parl 1571, Stricklands bill,alphabet bill

  • MAY-JUNE 1572, FEB-MARCH 1576, JAN-MAR 1581 - CONSIDERS ISSUE OF SECURITY FOLLOWING RIDOLFI (OTHER 2 PARLS RECALLED), parliament calls for the execution of Norfolk and MQS, parls grants subsidy, Wentworth imprisoned, 1572 poor law, vagabonds act, act of due obedience, exclusion bill, bill of attainders, 1576 poor law

  • NOV 1584-MAR 1585 ISSUES WITH FO PO FOLLOWING ASSASSINATION OF WOFO - tightens anti-cat laws, Turner bill and book is vetoed, parl demand free speech, act aginst Jesuits and Seminaries, act for safety of queens person,

  • OCT 1586-MAR 1587 BABINGTON PLOT AND FO PO - debate of MQS being executed, Cope is vetoed, Liz disregarded habits of entire reign by asking Parl for advice, Parl petitioned Liz to execute MQS, few presbyterian MPS sought reform but leaders were imprisoned for their infringement on royal perogative

  • FEB-MARCH 1589 REV FOR WAR WITH SPAIN, voted for double sibsidy, positive atmosphere due to armada subsidy

  • FEB-APRIL 1593 LEGS AGAINST RECUSANTS - voted for a triple subsidy, 1593 act agisnt sectarian groups and separatists, Wentworh impisoned a second time

  • OCT 1596-FEB 1598 SHORT OF CASH - comprehensive poor law, triple subisdy, , monopolies generated significant controversy, 1598 poor law

  • OCT 1601 - DEC 1601 - lLIZ REMAINED SHORT OF CASH,1598 poor law was revised, Liz’s golden speech, quadruple subsidy, 1601 poor law, national system

IRELAND AND LOCAL GOV

  • A possible place from which RC could invade England, a part of the kingdom where feuding nobles were are a fact of life/politics, a potential colony where Englishmen thought they could get rich quick by conquering land, a tradition of English involvement by previous monarchs had not really worked, Irish resentment over trying to push protestantism and made them ally with the Pope. A conviction that Ireland must be self financing, England would not pay for the cost of troops but Ireland would. A legacy of unsuccesful attempts to impose English culture, language and politics on Ireland.

  • Laissez Faire policy, nature of Ireland was still very Irish/gaelic, england only rule the pale, the rest of Ireland is still controlled by Powerful nobles. If they are hoing to assert power they need to abolish power of great noble families, adopt a policy of plantation and Liz’s view of Ireland is that its a drain on finance

  • Gov not that involved, only really when they had to mainly due to the fact they lacked long term goals in Ireland (cost) and made policy inconsistent.

  • Descendants of traditional irish nobles are still there (very powerful) so England has limited influence.

  • Henry II made himself Lord of Ireland (HVIII makes himslef King in 1541) but still had limited influence, still had a different system of lands, military obligation, language, fashion, law, religon (due to Liz)

  • In Liz’s reign deputies try a combination of ideas (little success): didn’t recieve much urgent attention, saw it as a drain of money, issues with Geographywhich cause things to get out of hand

  • Plantation - english nobles given Irish land to settle o (taken away from irish nobles) and first began under Edward (to expand the pale) extended under Mary and encouraged under Liz (especially in Ulster and Munster) aimed to bring stability but often provoked rebellion.

  • For control they need to change the social structure, try both outright conquest and gradually increasing english admin control, Liz had other priorites (causes rebellion), Pale is about 80km

  • HVIII had named himself King of Ireland in 1541 and had attempted to extend his control beyond the Dublin Pale, his lord deputy was Anthony st Leger and his assistnat Thomas Cusack adopted a concilitary polcy to the Irish nobles, paying them to accept HVIII’s rule.

  • In the later years of HVIII the gov had no money to bribe Irish nobles and the energetic attempts of reformation under Ed were unpopular (and he adopted the policy of plantation

  • In 1557 Mary’s gov confiscated Irish land and gave it to english settlers (Plantation)

  • In the 1560s and 70s Liz’s lord deputy (Sir Henry Sidney) adopted an aggresive policy in Ireland he continued to encourage colonisation and rebuilt Dublin Castle

  • First rebellion was in 1599 due to the legacy of her predecessors

  • 1485 - HVIII inherited an Ireland under the control ofYorkist lord deputy lieutenant (the 8th earl of Kildare)

  • 1487-91 - claimants to HVII’s throne (Warbeck and Simnel) landed in Ireland where they recieved limited support, HVII dismissed Kildare

  • 1494 - new deputy introduced Poyning’s law which greatly increased english control over Ireland’s admin and institutions

  • 1497 - Kildare was reinstated when poyning’s laws proved too expensive for England, he served HVII loyally

  • 1513 - HVII continued his father’s policies, the ninth earl of Kildare replaced his father

  • 1528 - HVIII appointed the english noble Surrey (Howard) as deputy Lord Liutenant, although instructed to rule through diplomacy, Surrey belived it could only be controlled through conquest. recalled in 1523 and replaced by 8 governers in rapid sccession (mostly anglo-irish nobles)

  • 1534 - Cromwell returned to the policy of appointing london bureucrats to the position of lord deputy lieutenant rather than local magnates, rebellion led by the tenth earl of Kildare was defeated by Skeffington and Kildare was executed at Tyburn in 1537

  • 1536 - Grey was appointed deputy to carry out Cromwell’s new policy, Dublin extended its control to the Pale but limited beyond this. Grey was to negotiate peace with the irish lords but the frontier would still be garrisoned. Ireland was expected to finance itself, Grey;s arrogance united the irish lords against the english/protestantism

  • 1541 - HVIII altered Ireland’s constiutions when he declared it a kingdom and himself a king. All the Irish were now under english control, new deputy (Anthony St Leger) then embarked on a scheme whereby irish lords surrendered their lands and regained them as feudal subjecs. In return for their lands irish lords had to obey the kings officers, pay taxes, military service, progress was slow as it was suspended in 1543 due to war, after this policy becaming increasingly aggressive/purposeless

  • 1547-9 - Somerset reinforced the english army in Ireland by establishing garrisons in frontier areas and began the first steps towards colonization by increasing english settlers to the counties of Leix and Offaly

  • 1533 - Mary continued Somerset’s policies and created two new shires

  • IRELAND IN 1588 - a conviction Ireland must be self financing, a legacy of unsuccesful attempts to impose English culture and traditions on the Irish whose culture the english didn’t understand and viewed as inferior, a possible base from which hostile catholic force could invade england, expectation of quick results at the expense of long term strategies, irish resentment over english control which was fuelled by the decision to replaces the Pope’s authority over the church with that of the monarch, feuding was an everday feature of ordinary people, tradition of english intervention which gained extra momentum when HVIII declared himself King of Ireland, potential colony which was seen by ambitious men s a place to get rich quick and irish offices became soight after prices for english courtiers and their clients,

  • Liz adopted a policy of ‘englishness’ (anglaciisng Irelnad), liz was made supreme governer of the church of Ireland in 1560 but she lacked the power to impose Prot on the RC population, pop was mostly gaelic in language and customs were quite different from the english

  • GUY - Ireland was a ‘breeding ground for fortune hunters’ (lots of nobles went tjhere to get rich quick, exploitation of the pop which led to poor relations)

  • Use of martial law alsi led to bad relations between the Irish and the old english. Martial law got tid of normal legalties and instead take the law into your own hands (rule by military authority, no normal legal convention)

  • 1559 O’NEILLS REBELLION - death of O’neil, Lord of Tyrone but two sons had claimants to the earldom, with both son’s trying to claim his title. The elder son, matthew, was supported by the english and the younger onse, Shane, was supported by the Irish. Although Shane was a great diplomat and military leadeer, the english couldn’t recognize him due to his close ties to the scots. He was a threat to the english as he was apparently arming local peasants for rebellion. In 1561 Shane went to London to negotiate with the english gov, which was a success but the immenant peace slipped away with the sudden and unexpected assassination of his brother Matthew. His killers had announced their support for another O’neill whi was another claimant in the family, So shane had to retirn to ireland to claim his earldom. But he was now considered an enemy of the english as he had broken peace with them. After 5 years when Shane reluctanty turned to alexander MacDonnell (a local Ulsetr Lord with scottish connections) he managed to suppress the rebellion but he was killed in abanquet as a reuslt of an english conspiracy.

  • SUSSEX - In Ireland, ordered to keep the peace, reduce expenditure and enforce the religious settlement, continued to colonise ireland by establishing plantaions and increased numbers of english troops in ireland

  • SIR HENRY SIDNEY - sent to quash rebellion in 1565, marched through Ulseter and with the help of rival clans he destroyed O’Neills power, Shane was then murdered by the clans he took refuge with. Sidney continued the policy of plantation and proposed they set up a council (similar to the council of the north), his nominee for the council of munster caused uprising in Leinster, Liz refused to send money and replaced Sindey in 1567

  • FIRST DESMOND REBELLION - 1569-73, James Fitz Maurice and Gerald Fitzgerlad the earl of Desmond led a rebellion in 1569, cause was theat they didn’t like english interference and the control of Henry Sidney as Gov of Ireland. They attacked Cork and Kilkenny. They had 4,500 men and Sidney attacked them with 600 men from Dublin and another 400 landed at Cork by sea, With Gildbert and Ormonde the english managed to win. the english used scorch earth tactics and FitzMauricses allies deserted by 1570, but her continued using guerilla tactics but he gradually lost more men - only had 100 left in 1573 so he surrendered, negotiated a pardon then fled to France by 1575, second rebellion. Sidney is back, had gone in 1565 now back

  • THE SECOND DESMOND REBELLION - FitzMaurice launched an invasion of Munster in Ireland, encouraged by the Pope and supported by 800 spanish soldiers, landed in Dingle with a small force of spanish troops (1579), joined by other clans including the Desmond’s and the FitzGerald’s, FitzMaurice was killed, so FitzGerlad (earl of Desmond) took over. 1580 an english army under Pelham destroyed the lands of the Desmond’s. Grey was sent to suppress the rebellion nit the battle of Glemmalure occured and the English and Grey lost. 1580, 600 troops from the papcy landed in Ireland to join rebellion, they surrendered to the english after 2 days were massacred by the english. English continued to use scorched earth tactics and eventually FitzGerlad was killed in 1583 and Grey won after bitter fighting.

  • TYRONE’S REBELLION - big problem to Liz and was expensive to solve, known as the nine years war to the Irish, led by Tyrone and was militarily able and unusually succesful at uniting the english lords, based around ULSter. England in the 1590s was struggling and the cost of the Armada in 1588 caused them to cut back their forces in Ireland. Garrisons were weak and there was no english army in Ireland. Tyrone was in contact with the spanish as early as 1587, but trouble broke out in 1594 when an Irish force raided an english supply column at the Battle of the Ford Biscuits (english biscuits scattered and floated down the river). Rebellion broke out in Feb 1595, Liz’s gov responded by proclaiming Tyrone a traitor (June 1595) but other irish clans used this disorganisation to make attacks of their own (eg Tyrconnel). Tyrone was able to evade capture for three more years and even won a major military battle at the ‘battle of the Yellow Ford’ (1598) the only major military defeat caused by a rebel army in the period. 800 English troops killed and 300 Irish levies (irish soldiers in pay of english) deserted to Tyrone. Liz raised a large and costly army of 17k which was sent to ireland under Essex but he was a poor general and could not catch Tyrone (forced to agree to peace when his funds ran low). Pale had paid so much that there was rampant inflation (80%) and caused near famine in Dublin. Essex was under strict instructions by Liz not to make peace. Essex replaced by Mountjoy who ground down Tyrone and secured a victory over 3,500 spanish forces that landed at Kinsdale in 1601, robbed Tyrone of help and he surrendered in 1603 giving up all claims to overlordship in Ulster (source of his power) In exchange Tyrone allowed to continue to rule in Ulster without paying any tax to eng crown (nominal submission ut effective indepenence). Mountjoy agreed as Liz had died and he wanted to meet JVI.Back to the start

  • Welsh policy cost 2 million in total

  • WALES - welsh border not a problem, generally poor with linguistic and cultural differences (but no relellion), council of the welsh and marshes still ruled Wales, Welsh lang disappearwed from gov in wales (act of union in 1536 and 43) but it remained as language of the ch and bible and BCP were in welsh. Poverty endemic but welsh gentry prospered. High number of welshmen involved in Esex rebellion 160.

  • THE NORTH - revolt of the n’ern earls, Moray/Morton in charge so no border warfare but casual violence and stealing sheep/cattle continued. Border control was traditionally Percy/Neville/Dacre but were replaced wih southern Nobs (more effective as don’t own land on border) Liz appointed gentry/lower ranking nobs to control border (eg Forster). When Esme Stuart present some border issue w/Scot eg 1585 (after ES) son of dUke of Bedford murdered by scots, council of north continued and president was never a Northern nob. Lotherington - ‘aristocratic power becomes an anachronism in the north of england’

  • UNREST - mid 1590s problem of famine and poverty but no major uprisings, food riots in London, Kent, Hampshire and Norfolk. 1596 saw the Oxfordshire uprising where 4 men got weapons and planned to march to london due to poverty but dealt with quickly and severely.

  • LOCAL GOV - JPs, Sheriffs and Lords Liuetenants were in every county, ensuring queen’s will was obeyed. regional gov oversaw elements that the PC couldn’t (eg marches or the north). Manors were run by nobility or gentry, each city and town had its own gov, headed by a mayor. Ealdermen all meet in a council, JP depends on individual.

  • SHERIFFS - organised the county courts, supervised jail, called the posse to put down riots, conducts parliamentary elections, operate for a year, unwanted job

  • JPS - many in each county, supervised lower officials, adminster poor relief, localmagistrated, dutties and powers increased, JP was a mark of prestige

  • LORD LIEUTENANT - one higher than JP, a peer,responsible for local militia, responsible for local militia

  • JPS UNDER LIZ - workload increased due to social and econ legs, some were great others saw the role as a social honour. Were often unwilling to do the crowns work (eg against local interests such as recusancy laws or heavy taxes). LLiz and Cecil aware so if it was a sensitive matter they would get a speciail commission to do the job (eg recusancy laws), some JPs prosecuted as Liz used informants against them.

  • COURTS - judicial system, great sessions courts, assizes, quarter sessions (alst two deal with most crimes). Assizes was famous for its power to inflict harsh punishments. Unimportant crimes handled by the petty sessions court, manor courts and town courts, civil cases deal with by various courts depending on monatary status (wealthy were star chamber and tried by privy council). Chancery judges criminal cases, requests the poor and church with religious or moral cases

  • COMMON LAW COURTS - court of queens bench (matters involving the monarch, evolved into dealing with criminal cases and breaches of the peace) Common pleas (civil suits which did not involve criminal charges) and exchequer (financial cases, especially revenue owed to the crown)

  • PEROGATIVE COURTS - CHANCERY (more flexible than common law courts, apply principles of common sense and fairness, written not spoken evidence) STAR CHAMBER - PCO sitting as a court, threatened law and order, developed a rep for cruel and overbearing type of jusitice, deal effectively with overmighty nobles.