Cognition - all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Prototype - a first typical or preliminary model of something from which other forms are developed or copied.
Algorithm-a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or problem solving operations
Heuristic- a general rule of thumb or shortcut that is used to reduce the number of possible solutions to a problem. Ex. using birthdays for a pin number.
Insight - just coming up with the answer, the “aha” moment
Confirmation Bias - a preference for information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence
Mental Set- a temporary readiness to perform certain psychological functions that influences the response to a stimulation or stimulus.
Availability Heuristic- cognitive bias in which you make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is that readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision
Belief Perseverance - holding onto a belief even after its been discredited
Framing - posing a question or wording a phrase in such a way to persuade someone’s thoughts.
Wolfgang Kohler - experiments on problem-solving by chimpanzees, revealing their ability to devise and use simple tools and build simple structures.
Margaret Floy Washburn - leading american psychologist in the early 20th century, was best known for her work in experimental animal behavior.
Language- principle method of human communication
Phonemes = the smallest distinctive units of sound used in a language
Morphemes = the smallest units of meaning in a language
Grammar = the system of rules in a language that enable us to communicate with and understand others \n Semantics = the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences
Overregularization = occurs when children apply a grammatical rule too widely and therefore create incorrect forms.
Syntax = the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
Receptive language = the ability to understand language. ***Wernicke’s area in the brain allows you to understand language.
Productive language- the skills involved in actively speaking, writing, or otherwise producing language.
Babbling- universal noises made by babies around the age of 4 months. This is NOT the household language. That will be revealed in 10 months.
Aphasia-loss of ability to understand and express speech
Telegraphic speech = two-word phrases babies make around the age of 24 months
Critical period = if children are not exposed to language before a certain age, they will be unable to acquire language
Universal grammar = all human languages have the same grammatical building blocks, such as nouns, verbs, subjects, and objects.
Language Acquisition Device = innate speech-enabling structures in the brain that allow us to learn language.
Linguistic determinism = thinking affects our language, which in turn affects our thoughts. (Benjamin Whorf)
Noam Chomsky = An american linguist who developed the universal theory of grammar that we’re all born with an innate understanding of the way language works.
Benjamin Whorf = a linguist who believed that a language does more than describe a person’s culture. He argued that a person’s language may also shape a person’s thoughts and perceptions (linguistic determinism)
Intelligence-the ability to apply knowledge and skills
Intelligence Test = the test designed to measure the ability to think and reason rather than acquired knowledge.
General Intelligence = construct developed in psychometric investigations of cognitive abilities and human intelligence.
Factor Analysis-a process in which the values of observed data are expressed as functions of a number of possible causes in order to find which are most important.
Savant Syndrome = a prodigious talent can co-occur with developmental conditions such as autism spectrum conditions
Creativity-the use of the imagination or original ideas, especially in the production of an artistic work.
Emotional Intelligence=the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one’s emotions. Also to handle interpersonal relationships empathically.
Howard Gardner = 8 intelligences (visual/spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily/kinesthetic, naturalist, verbal/linguistic, logical/mathematical, musical)
Robert Sternberg = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- intelligence test first published 1955 and designed to measure intelligence in adults and older adolescents
Charles Spearman = BORN with 1 intelligence (math, verbal, spatial, speed); general intelligence…”g”
Mental Age = the person’s mental ability as the age at which an average person reaches that same ability
Stanford-Binet = test used to measure an individuals intelligence
IQ = (intelligence quotient) total score derived from tests
Achievement Test = have learned
Aptitude Test = have the ability or capacity to
WAIS = mostly used test
Standardization = process of making a test uniform, or setting it to a specific standard (grading equally for everyone)
Normal Curve = where most occurrences take place (in the center)
Reliability = consistent results
Validity = how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure
Cohort = group of people
Crystallized Intelligence = accumulation of knowledge
Fluid Intelligence = being able to think & reason & solve problems
Intellectual Disability = person's ability to learn at an expected level and function
Alfred Binet- intelligence can be defined by the comparison of the performance of children, first modern intelligence test
Lewis Terman- intelligence test became a widely used psychological assessments in the world. defined intelligence as ones mental age/ actual age
Stereotype Threat- situational predicament (difficult/unpleasant situation) in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group
David Wechsler- viewed intelligence as an effect rather than a cause, and asserted that non-intellective factors, such as personality, contribute to the development of each person's intelligence.
Francis Galton- embraced mental differences in visualization