FORM 4 HIST ALAMBO

Page 1: Title Page

  • HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

  • Prepared by: ALAMBO WILSON

  • Contact: +254 731987927

  • 1st Edition

  • Form Four Notes

  • Topical Revision Questions Included

  • Year: 2023

Page 2: Contents

  • Form Four

    • World Wars

    • International Relations

    • Co-operation in Africa

    • Social, Economic and Political Developments and Challenges in Africa Since Independence

    • National Philosophies of Kenya

    • Social, Economic and Political Developments and Challenges in Kenya Since Independence

    • Devolved Government

    • The Electoral Process and the Functions of Government in Other Parts of the World

Page 3: Introduction to the World Wars

  • World Wars Overview: Two major global conflicts in the first half of the 20th Century, primarily influenced by Europe.

  • The First World War (1914-1918): The first extended engagement using modern warfare.

    • Key Participating Nations: Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan, USA.

Page 4: Causes of the First World War

Long-Term Causes

  1. Desire for Revenge: France sought to reclaim Alsace and Lorraine from Germany after the Franco-Prussian War.

  2. Systems of Alliances: Groups formed for mutual support:

    • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

    • Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia

  3. Imperial Rivalry: Competition for colonies among European powers, particularly between France, Britain, and Germany.

  4. Economic Rivalry: Economic expansion needs fueled conflict among nations.

  5. Moroccan Crisis: Tensions over Morocco, with Germany backing Moroccan independence against French control.

  6. Nationalism: Increased desire for independence among colonial subjects and ethnic groups in Europe.

  7. Italo-Turkish Dispute: Italian occupation of Turkish Libya created tensions, particularly with Germany.

  8. Balkan Nationalism: Slavic nations sought independence from Ottoman rule, drawing conflicts with Austria-Hungary.

Page 5: Immediate Cause of the First World War

  • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Occurred on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist.

Austria's Ultimatum to Serbia:

  1. Explanation for the assassination.

  2. Apologies to Austria-Hungary.

  3. Suppression of anti-Austrian activities.

  4. Dismissal of objectionable officials.

  5. Austrian involvement in the investigation.

  6. Access for Austrian officials in Serbia (rejected).

Page 6: Course of the First World War

  • Fighting Sectors:

    • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, etc.

    • Allies: Serbia, Belgium, France, Britain, Russia, USA, etc.

  • Western Front: Focus on France, with the German strategy failing.

  • Eastern Front: Russia's early engagement, later withdrawal.

  • African Front: Conflict over German colonies (e.g., Cameroon, Namibia).

  • Maritime Conflict: British blockade of Germany.

Page 7: Reasons for the Central Powers' Defeat

  1. Superior Allied Weaponry.

  2. Financial advantages of Allies.

  3. British naval blockade.

  4. Effective Allied leadership.

  5. USA's entry into the war.

  6. Internal turmoil in Central Powers.

  7. Health crises (e.g., Spanish flu).

  8. Germany's early miscalculations in military strategy.

Page 8: Peace Settlement Post WWI

  • Key Figures at the Paris Peace Conference: Lloyd George (UK), Clemenceau (France), Wilson (USA), Orlando (Italy).

  • Treaties Signed:

    1. Treaty of Versailles (Germany)

    2. Treaty of St. Germain (Austria)

    3. Treaty of Neuilly (Bulgaria)

    4. Treaty of Trianon (Hungary)

    5. Treaty of Lausanne (Turkey)

  • Main Terms of the Versailles Treaty:

    • Germany loses overseas colonies.

    • Territorial losses to France.

    • War reparations imposed.

    • Military restrictions.

    • Establishment of the League of Nations.

Page 9: Effects of the First World War

Political Effects

  • Emergence of new nations (e.g. Poland, Hungary).

  • Rise of nationalism in colonized regions.

  • Establishment of the League of Nations.

Economic Effects

  • Massive destruction and financial ruin.

  • Disruption of trade and productivity.

Social Effects

  • Significant loss of life and creation of refugees.

  • Changes in the status of women in society.

Page 10: The League of Nations

  • Aims: Prevent war, maintain peace, uphold member state sovereignty.

Achievements

  • Mediated several disputes and provided humanitarian relief.

Failures

  • Inability to prevent major conflicts (e.g., Japanese invasion of China).

Page 11: The Second World War (1939-1945)

  • Overview: Rooted in unresolved issues from the First World War.

  • Causes:

    1. Aggressive expansion of Nazi Germany.

    2. Weakness of the League of Nations.

    3. Economic factors post-Great Depression.

Page 12: Outline of the Cold War

  • Definition: Political tension between the USA and the USSR post-WWII.

  • Key Events: Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis.

Page 13: Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

  • Concept: Countries deciding to not formally align with either major power bloc during Cold War.

Page 14: Cooperation in Africa

  • Organizations: OAU, AU, ECOWAS, EAC.

  • Pan-Africanism: A movement aimed at uniting Africans against colonial oppression.

Page 15: Challenges Facing Africa Post-Independence

  • Political instability, economic challenges, social issues.

Page 16: National Philosophies of Kenya

Key Philosophies

  1. African Socialism.

  2. Harambee.

  3. Nyayoism.

Page 17: Devolved Government in Kenya

  • Outline: Devolution aims to bring governance closer to the people.

Page 18: The Electoral Process in Other Parts of the World

  • Systems of government in the USA, India, and the UK described.

Page 19: Revision Questions

  1. 1991 Q26 - Causes of the Second World War.

  2. 2015 Q15 - Major superpowers in the Cold War.

  3. 2014 Q23 - Functions of the United Nations.