abnormal.lecture13.2025
Page 1: Introduction
Adult Psychopathology
Dr. Simon B. Sherry
Professor at Dalhousie University, Psychologist at CRUX Psychology
Page 2: CRUX Psychology Online Presence
Social Media Platforms:
TikTok: @cruxpsychology
YouTube: @cruxpsychology4227
LinkedIn: Simon Sherry, Ph.D.
Instagram: @cruxpsychology
Twitter: @cruxpsychology
Facebook: @cruxpsychology
Psychology Today: Psymon Says
The Conversation: Dr. Simon Sherry
Website: cruxpsychology.ca/news/
Page 3: Substance-Related Disorders
Overview of topics related to substance use
Page 4: Alcohol and Drug Consumption Statistics
Data on consumption rates:
NSLC (Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation) statistics
Common substances: Beer, Wine, Spirits
Page 5: Chapter 12 Outline: Perspectives on Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Major Topics include:
Depressants
Stimulants
Opioids
Hallucinogens
Page 6: Continued Chapter Outline
Other Drugs
Causes of substance-related disorders
Treatment options
Gambling Disorder
Impulse-Control Disorders
Page 7: Overview of Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Page 8: Definition of a Drug
Drug: Any substance other than food affecting our bodies or minds
Modern terminology uses substance to include legal substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine
Page 9: Effects of Substances
Temporary changes in behavior, emotion, thought
Substance Intoxication:
Symptoms: Poor judgment, mood changes, irritability, slurred speech, poor coordination
LSD can cause hallucinosis: perceptual distortions and hallucinations
Page 10: Psychoactive Substances
Substance: Chemical compounds ingested to alter mood/behavior
Categories:
Common legal drugs: Alcohol, nicotine, caffeine
Page 11: Substance-Related Conditions
Intoxication: Maladaptive behavioral symptoms due to substance's effect on CNS
Withdrawal: Clinical distress from cessation/reduction of use
Tolerance: Need for increased substance use to achieve the same effect
Page 12: Dependence Indicators
Substance Use Disorder: Includes psychological dependence
Dependence can exist with or without misuse
Page 13: Long-term Problems with Substances
Substance Abuse: Excessive reliance on a drug affecting personal relationships, work, and safety
Substance Dependence: Advanced abuse leading life centered around the substance, includes tolerance and withdrawal
Page 14: Levels of Involvement in Substance Use
Involvement Levels: Substance use → Intoxication → Abuse → Dependence → Withdrawal
Page 15: Categories of Substances
Five Main Categories:
Depressants: Behavioral sedation (e.g., alcohol, sedatives)
Stimulants: Increase alertness and mood (e.g., cocaine, nicotine)
Opiates: Analgesia and euphoria (e.g., heroin, morphine)
Hallucinogens: Alter perception (e.g., marijuana, LSD)
Other Drugs: I.e., inhalants, anabolic steroids, medications
Page 16: Methods of Taking Substances
Inhaling: Drug vapor inhaled into lungs
Snorting: Powder snorted into the nose
Injection: Direct entry into the bloodstream
Oral ingestion: Pass through digestive system
Other routes: Absorption through mucous membranes (under tongue, anally, vaginally)
Page 17: Levels of Involvement: Use
Moderate ingestion of psychoactive substances not interfering with functioning
Cannabis legalized in Canada in 2018
Page 18: Levels of Involvement: Intoxication
Substance Intoxication: Associated with impaired judgment, mood changes
Factors influencing intoxication: Type of drug, amount, and individual's biological reaction
Page 19: Diagnostic Issues
Substance use may occur alongside other disorders
Increased risk-taking behavior due to drug intoxication and withdrawal
Mental health disorders may lead to substance use disorders
Page 20: Introduction to Depressants
Page 21: Statistics on Alcohol Consumption
WHO estimates 2 billion consumers globally
10% of Americans face alcohol-related problems
Spontaneous recovery in 20% of those with problems
Page 22: Personal and Social Impact of Alcoholism
Detrimental effects on families, social ties, and careers
Major societal costs associated with alcohol
Involvement in violent incidents and adverse effects on children of alcoholics
Page 23: Alcohol Use and Abuse Statistics
23% of Canadians exceed low-risk alcohol guidelines, 17% are high-risk drinkers
Binge drinking prevalent among college groups
Page 24: Cultural Factors and Alcohol Use
Asians report lower rates of alcohol disorders
Alcohol dehydrogenase deficiency affects alcohol metabolism
Page 25: Understanding Binge Drinking
Defined as consuming 5+ drinks on one occasion
Higher prevalence among men and single males
Page 26: Binge Drinking Among University Students
1 in 6 Canadian university students are frequent heavy drinkers
Comparing prevalence among college demographics
Page 27: Alcohol as a Dangerous Substance
Legal yet one of the most dangerous recreational drugs
Issues of misuse observed across all life stages
Page 28: Clinical Description of Alcohol-Related Disorders
Alcohol depresses inhibitory brain centers leading to impaired motor skills and judgment
Page 29: Neurotransmitter Effects of Alcohol
Dopamine: Increased secretion linked to pleasure and addiction
Norepinephrine: Release is stimulated
GABA: Alcohol increases inhibitory effects leading to anxiety reduction
Endogenous Opioids: Alcohol promotes pleasurable feelings
Glutamate: Blocked by alcohol, leading to memory issues
Page 30: General Effects of Alcohol
Key systems influenced include GABA leading to blackouts and mood impacts
Page 31: Alcohol Concentration and Effects
Effects vary based on blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
Larger individuals experience diminished effects compared to smaller individuals
Page 32: Absorption and Effects of Ethyl Alcohol
All alcoholic beverages contain ethyl alcohol inducing relaxation and CNS effects
Page 33: Levels of Impairment due to Alcohol
Effects linked to BAC levels ranging from relaxation to potential death
Page 34: Young Adult Alcohol Use
Various BAC levels correlate with specific psychological and physiological changes
Page 35: Case Study
Case study related to alcohol intervention at Harborview Medical Center
Page 36: Alcohol Metabolism
Alcohol effects persist until metabolized by the liver
Page 37: Long-Term Health Consequences of Alcoholism
Chronic drinking damages liver and creates nutritional issues
Risks to fetuses from maternal alcohol consumption (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
Page 38: Psychological and Physiological Effects of Alcohol
Alcohol's CNS depressant effects correlated with various disorders
Page 39: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Leading cause of intellectual disability; effects on fetal growth and anomalies
Page 40: Acute Withdrawal Symptoms
Delirium Tremens: Severe tremors and hallucinations during withdrawal
Page 41: Brain Damage Due to Alcohol
Comparison of brain tissue losses in a heavy drinker vs. a healthy individual
Page 42: Vulnerability to Drinking Problems
Young males (ages 18-29) are at higher risk for alcohol problems
Page 43: Global Alcohol Consumption Statistics
Prevalence of alcohol use in various countries as of 2016
Page 44: Dependency and Withdrawal Symptoms
Alcohol dependence often coincides with withdrawal symptoms like nausea
Page 45: Progression of Alcohol Misuse
Patterns of fluctuation between heavy drinking and abstinence impacting health
Page 46: Overview of Sedative, Hypnotic, and Anxiolytic Disorders
Definitions:
Sedative: calms
Hypnotic: induces sleep
Anxiolytic: reduces anxiety
Page 47: Clinical Description of Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates: Mild effects can lead to overdosing as suicide means
Benzodiazepines: Popular for anxiety relief and can lead to dependence
Page 48: Understanding Benzodiazepines
Popular sedative-hypnotics like Xanax and Ativan; GABA interaction is key
Page 49: Benzodiazepine Use Statistics
Use has declined recently; report on Canadian usage
Page 50: Introduction to Stimulants
Page 51: Overview of Stimulants
Definition and function: Most widely consumed in Canada and the US
Page 52: Effects of Amphetamines
Classification as stimulants leading to increased energy and lower appetite
Page 53: Clinical Characteristics of Amphetamines
High doses may lead to intoxication and psychosis
Page 54: Dependence on Amphetamines
Quick tolerance development poses risks of dependency and severe withdrawals
Page 55: Diagnostic Criteria for Amphetamines
Behavioral and physiological symptoms outlined in DSM-5
Page 56: Cocaine Overview
Historical usage of Cocaine and its increasing statistics in Canada
Page 57: Effects of Cocaine and Crack
Snorting vs smoking methods; consequences of dependency
Page 58: Nicotine and Tobacco-Related Disorders
Overview of nicotine dependence and effects on health in Canadians
Page 59: Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms
Description of psychological and physiological symptoms experienced upon cessation
Page 60: Caffeine Overview
Mild stimulant effects and potential for tolerance and dependence
Page 61: Caffeine Effects and Risks
Excessive intake may lead to severe health issues
Page 62: Ritalin Usage
Prescribed for ADHD; highlights risks of dependency on stimulant analogs
Page 63: Introduction to Opioids
Page 64: Opioids Definition
Opioid crisis in Canada; implications of prescription use
Page 65: Effects of Opiates and Opioids
Mechanism and impact on the body’s natural pain-relieving system
Page 66: Methods of Opioid Use
Common methods of consumption and the rapid effects on the user's experience
Page 67: Introduction to Hallucinogens
Page 68: Hallucinogens Overview
Types include LSD, mushroom, and others with criteria for intoxication
Page 69: Effects of LSD and Other Hallucinogens
Rapid tolerance and risk of psychotic symptoms
Page 70: Overview of Cannabis Use
Prevalence and psychological effects associated with marijuana usage
Page 71: Cannabis Classification
Description of various cannabis products and their respective THC content
Page 73: Cannabis Effects
Description of subjective experiences during low and high doses
Page 74: Overview of Other Drugs
Categories of other drug types, including inhalants and steroids
Page 76: Polysubstance Use
Description of the pattern and recognition of interactions
Page 77: Cross-Tolerance
How users develop tolerance across similar substances
Page 78: Synergistic Effects
Explanation of enhanced effects from combined drug use
Page 79: Comorbidity in Substance Abuses
Prevalence of comorbid disorders among those with substance use issues.