ANAPHY

I. TYPES OF CELL

■ PROKARYOTIC

  • simpler and smaller

  • no nucleus

  • no membrane-bound organelles

  • ex. bacteria

■ EUKARYOTIC

  • larger and complex

  • has membrane-bound organelles

  • has nucleus

  • ex. animals, plants, fungi, and protists

II. PROKARYOTIC vs. EUKARYOTIC CELL

PROKARYOTES
ORGANISM

  • bacteria
    ORGANELLES

  • few / none
    DNA

  • Circular / in the cytoplasm
    RNA AND PROTEIN

  • RNA and protein synthesized in the same compartment
    CELL DIVISION

  • Binary fission

EUKARYOTES
ORGANISM

  • protist, fungi, plants, animals
    ORGANELLES

  • nucleus

  • mitochondria

  • endoplasmic reticulum

  • etc.
    DNA

  • Linear / circular

  • Mainly found in the nucleus
    RNA AND PROTEIN

  • RNA synthesized in the nucleus

  • Protein in the cytoplasm
    CELL DIVISION

  • Mitosis / meiosis

III. INTRODUCTION

■ The cell is the basic unit of biological organization.
■ Basic composition

  • Protoplasm/cytoplasm

  • Cell membrane

  • Nucleus

IV. PHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF CELL

  1. IRRITABILITY / EXCITABILITY

  • respond or change
    (Simply put: ability to respond to a stimulus)

  1. CONDUCTIVITY

  • carry signal
    (Simply put: ability to carry/transmit signals)

  1. CONTRACTILITY

  • shorten to create movement
    (Simply put: ability to shorten and produce movement)

  1. ABSORPTION AND SECRETION

  • take in and out
    (Absorption = take in; Secretion = release)

  1. EXCRETION

  • release toxic substances

  1. RESPIRATION

  • produce energy

  1. GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION

  • bigger and new
    (Growth = become bigger; Reproduction = produce new cells)

  1. ORGANIZATION

  • work together
    (Cell parts work together)

V. PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL

  1. CELL MEMBRANE

  • trilaminar; double phospholipid layer with embedded proteins

  • semipermeable; selectively

  • outer boundary of the cell

  • controls what enters and leaves the cell

  1. CYTOPLASM

  • colloidal; thick, jelly-like consistency

  • includes organelles, inclusions, and cytoskeleton

  1. NUCLEUS

  • contains DNA in the form of: a. HETEROCHROMATIN

    • inactive
      b. EUCHROMATIN

    • active

VI. TRANSPORT PROCESSES ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE

■ PASSIVE
(Simply put: does not require ATP/energy)

  • SIMPLE DIFFUSION

    • Movement of solute from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration
      (Simply put: HIGH → LOW)

  • FACILITATED DIFFUSION

    • Movement of solute from high to low concentration with a carrier
      (Simply put: HIGH → LOW with a carrier)

  • OSMOSIS

    • Movement of solvent (water) from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration
      (Simply put: movement of water toward the area with more solute)

  • FILTRATION

    • Water and small substances pass through a membrane due to pressure, while larger substances are blocked.
      (Simply put: pressure pushes small substances through a membrane)

■ ACTIVE
(Simply put: requires energy/ATP)

  • ACTIVE TRANSPORT

    • Movement of solute from an area of low to high concentration using ATP
      (Simply put: LOW → HIGH using ATP)

  • ENDOCYTOSIS

    • Phagocytosis; "cell eating"; the cell engulfs large solid particles.

    • Pinocytosis; "cell drinking"; the cell takes in liquids and dissolved substances.

  • EXOCYTOSIS

    • The cell releases materials outside through vesicles.

VII. CYTOPLASM OF THE CELL

■ Mostly water with chemical compounds in solution or colloid
■ Contains:

  • organelles

  • inclusions

  • cytoskeleton

VIII. ORGANELLES

  1. MITOCHONDRIA (chondriosome)

  • Major sites for ATP production, the energy source for cells.

  • Carry out aerobic respiration (requires O2).
    (Simply put: mitochondria = energy / ATP)

  1. RIBOSOMES

  • Sites of protein synthesis composed of one large and one small subunit.
    (Simply put: ribosomes = protein synthesis)

  1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
    a. ROUGH / GRANULAR ER

    • Rough ER has ribosomes attached and is a major site of protein synthesis.
      (Simply put: Rough ER = ribosomes + protein)
      b. SMOOTH / NON-GRANULAR ER

    • Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is a major site of lipid synthesis.
      (Simply put: Smooth ER = no ribosomes + lipid)

  2. GOLGI COMPLEX (Dictyosomes)

  • A series of closely packed membrane sacs that collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER.

  • Known as the "warehouse of the cell".
    (Simply put: Golgi = collects, modifies, packages, and distributes)

  1. LYSOSOME

  • Digestive enzyme packages containing acid hydrolases and lacking oxidases and catalases.

Function

  • Play a role in cellular defense, digest stored food, maintenance.

  • PRIMARY LYSOSOME

    • Newly formed lysosome from Golgi apparatus.
      (Simply put: newly formed lysosome)

  • SECONDARY LYSOSOME

    • Forms when primary lysosome fuses with a vesicle.
      (Simply put: digestion happens after fusion)

  • RESIDUAL BODY

    • Leftover undigested materials in vesicle.
      (Simply put: leftovers/waste after digestion)

  1. PEROXISOME

  • Contains catalase that converts H2O2 into H2O and O2, breaking down hydrogen peroxide.
    (Simply put: catalase removes harmful hydrogen peroxide)

IX. INCLUSIONS

  1. GLYCOGEN

  • Stored form of glucose for energy.
    (Simply put: stored sugar used for energy)

  1. LIPID

  • Stored fat.
    (Simply put: stored fat / energy)

  1. PIGMENTS

  • Color a. EXOGENOUS

    • Outside the body
      b. ENDOGENOUS

    • Produced within the body
      1) LIPOFUSCIN

    • Yellow-brown pigment associated with aging.
      (Simply put: yellow-brown pigment associated with aging)
      2) MELANIN

    • Brown-black pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye coloration.
      (Simply put: pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye coloration)
      3) HEMOGLOBIN

    • Red pigment/protein in RBCs that carries oxygen.
      (Simply put: red pigment for RBC)
      4) BILIRUBIN

    • Yellow pigment produced during hemoglobin breakdown.
      (Simply put: yellow pigment during breakdown of hemoglobin)

  1. CRYSTALS

  • Crystalline substances in the cell a. CRYSTALS OF REINKE

    • Found in Leydig cells of the testes; testosterone.
      (Simply put: Reinke → Leydig cells → testosterone)
      b. CRYSTALS OF CHARCOT-BÖTTCHER

    • Found in Sertoli cells of the testes; seminiferous tubules.
      (Simply put: Charcot-Böttcher → Sertoli cells → seminiferous tubules)

X. IMPORTANT QUICK REMINDERS

CELL TYPES

  • PROKARYOTIC = simpler, smaller, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles

  • EUKARYOTIC = larger, complex, has nucleus, has membrane-bound organelles

TRANSPORT

  • SIMPLE DIFFUSION = HIGH → LOW

  • FACILITATED DIFFUSION = HIGH → LOW + CARRIER

  • OSMOSIS = WATER

  • FILTRATION = PRESSURE

  • ACTIVE TRANSPORT = LOW → HIGH + ATP

  • PHAGOCYTOSIS = “CELL EATING”

  • PINOCYTOSIS = “CELL DRINKING”

  • ENDOCYTOSIS = IN

  • EXOCYTOSIS = OUT

ORGANELLES

  • MITOCHONDRIA = ATP / ENERGY

  • RIBOSOMES = PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  • ROUGH ER = PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  • SMOOTH ER = LIPID SYNTHESIS

  • GOLGI = COLLECT, MODIFY, PACKAGE, DISTRIBUTE

  • LYSOSOME = DIGEST / BREAKDOWN

  • PEROXISOME = DETOXIFY

LYSOSOME

  • PRIMARY = newly formed

  • SECONDARY = primary lysosome + vesicle

  • RESIDUAL BODY = leftover undigested materials

PEROXISOME

  • CATALASE = H2O2 → H2O + O2

  • OXIDASE = enzyme involved in oxidation

INCLUSIONS

  • GLYCOGEN = stored glucose / energy

  • LIPID = stored fat

  • PIGMENTS = color

  • CRYSTALS = crystalline substances inside the cell

PIGMENTS

  • EXOGENOUS = outside the body

  • ENDOGENOUS = produced within the body

  • LIPOFUSCIN = yellow-brown / aging

  • MELANIN = brown-black / skin, hair, eyes

  • HEMOGLOBIN = red / RBC / oxygen

  • BILIRUBIN = yellow / breakdown of hemoglobin

CRYSTALS

  • REINKE = Leydig cells / testes / testosterone

  • CHARCOT-BÖTTCHER = Sertoli cells / testes / seminiferous tubules

CYTOSKELETON

  1. MICROFILAMENTS (7 nm in diameter)

  2. INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS (10 nm in diameter)
    a. Keratin - epithelial cells
    b. Vimentin - mesenchymal cells
    c. Desmin - muscle cells
    d. Glial fibrillary protein - glial cells of nervous system
    e. Neurofilaments - neurons

  3. MICROTUBULES (25 nm in diameter)
    a. Centrioles - determine polarity of cell
    b. Basal bodies - anchoring points of cilia and flagella
    c. Cilia - line respiratory tract
    d. Flagella - tail of spermatozoa

Centrioles

  • Centrosome: two centrioles at right angles to each other, composed of nine sets of triplet fibers.

  • Form spindle fibers during cell division and guide duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells.

Cilia and Flagella

  • Cilia move materials across cell surface.

  • Flagellum propels cell through a medium.

The Nucleus

  • Control center of the cell.

  • Nuclear membrane has pores to allow substance passage.

  • Chromatin: genetic material inside nucleoplasm.

  • Nucleolus: site of ribosome formation.