US Honors Progressive Study Guide

Addressing Industrialism's Challenges: Aimed to mitigate the negative social and economic impacts of rapid industrialization and urbanization.
Social Justice: Fought for improved living and working conditions for the poor and working class, including child labor laws and workplace safety.
Political Reform: Sought to make government more democratic and responsive to the people, tackling corruption and increasing citizen participation.
Economic Regulation: Advocated for government oversight of big business to prevent monopolies, ensure fair competition, and protect consumers.
Moral Improvement: Promoted temperance and other social reforms believed to uplift society's moral standards.

Political Machines and Corruption: Addressed graft, bribery, and the undue influence of special interests in government.
Monopolies and Trusts: Sought to break up large corporations (like Standard Oil) that stifled competition and exploited consumers and workers.
Urban Poverty and Slums: Aimed to improve sanitation, housing, and public health in crowded cities.
Child Labor and Unsafe Working Conditions: Advocated for an end to child labor and for safer, more humane workplaces.
Alcohol Abuse: Targeted the production and sale of alcohol, believing it was a source of social ills.
Unequal Rights: Though not universal, some progressives worked for women's suffrage and civil rights.

18th Amendment (1919): Prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages. This was the culmination of the temperance movement, driven by progressive ideals of moral improvement and social order. It was later repealed by the 21st Amendment.
19th Amendment (1920): Granted women the right to vote. This was the result of decades of advocacy by suffragists and a major victory for political reform and expanded democracy.

State-by-State Campaigns: Focused on convincing individual states to grant women the right to vote, often through referendums.
Constitutional Amendment: Simultaneously lobbied Congress for a federal amendment to enfranchise women nationwide.
Publicity and Protest: Organized parades, rallies, pickets, and hunger strikes to draw public attention and pressure political leaders.
Lobbying and Petitions: Actively engaged with legislators, wrote letters, and collected signatures to demonstrate widespread support.
Litigation: Challenged voting restrictions in court, arguing that denial of suffrage was unconstitutional.

Definition: A progressive reform that allows citizens to remove an elected official from office before their term has expired through a direct vote.
Process: Typically initiated by a petition signed by a certain percentage of voters, followed by a special election.
Purpose: Aims to increase government accountability and ensure that officials remain responsive to the will of the people, acting as a check on corruption and unresponsiveness.

Progressive President: Championed many progressive causes and significantly expanded the power and scope of the presidency.
Early Life and Education:
- Born in New York City in 1858 to a prominent wealthy family.
- Overcame childhood illnesses through rigorous physical activity.
- Graduated from Harvard University in 1880, then studied law at Columbia Law School briefly.
Early Political Career:
- Began political career in 1882 as a Republican member of the New York State Assembly.
- Served as a U.S. Civil Service Commissioner (1889-1895), fighting against the spoils system.
- Appointed President of the New York City Police Commissioners (1895-1897), where he implemented reforms to combat corruption.
- Served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1897-1898) under President McKinley, advocating for a stronger navy.
Spanish-American War Hero:
- Resigned from the Navy Department to serve in the Spanish-American War.
- Gained national fame leading the "Rough Riders" (1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment) in Cuba, notably at the Battle of San Juan Hill.
Political Rise to Presidency:
- Elected Governor of New York in 1898 on a reform platform.
- Faced opposition from conservative Republican bosses in New York due to his progressive reforms.
- Nominated as Vice President in 1900 to run with William McKinley, largely to sideline him from New York politics.
- Became President in September 1901 after President McKinley was assassinated.