psych 3/30

Late Submission Policy: 10% penalty for late paper submissions without prior communication.
Encouragement to Communicate: Students are urged to discuss any issues preventing timely submission with the instructor to avoid penalties.

Current Status of Grades:
- Most grades are in; a few remain pending due to missing student submissions.
- The lowest exam score will be dropped in hopes of reducing stress related to individual exam performances.
Final Exam Policy:
- The final exam can also be dropped if it is the lowest score.
- Students can opt-out of the final exam if they are satisfied with their grades and communicate this decision to the instructor.
- If a student decides not to take the final, they must inform the instructor ahead of time.
- The instructor rounds grades to mitigate the impact of the final exam on the overall grade.

Attachment is critical in social and emotional development during infancy.
It represents a major social milestone and affects how a child interacts with caregivers and strangers.

Attachment: A long-lasting bond or connection between a child and their caregiver.
The goal is for children to prefer their caregivers over strangers.

Example scenario: How would a child react when left with a stranger in a new environment?
Expected Reaction: A child should not seek comfort from a stranger, indicating a healthy attachment to their caregiver.

Conducted in the 1950s to study attachment in baby monkeys.
Monkeys were given two surrogate mothers: one made of wire (milk dispenser) and one covered in cloth (providing comfort but no nourishment).
Findings: The baby monkeys preferred the soft cloth mother, highlighting the importance of comfort over food in developing attachment.

The implications suggest that human infants also require comfort and emotional safety, not just physical needs.
Lack of comfort in caregiving can lead to unhealthy attachment styles later in life.

Secure Attachment:
- Infants are upset when caregivers leave but are comforted upon their return. Signals a healthy bond.
- Children use their caregivers as a secure base to explore their environment.
Avoidant Attachment:
- Children show no distress when caregivers leave and are indifferent to their return.
- This suggests a lack of emotional connection; the child treats the caregiver like a stranger.
Resistant Attachment:
- Children display clingy behavior but resist the caregiver's attempts to comfort them.
- These children may struggle to explore due to fear and over-dependence on caregivers.
Disorganized Attachment:
- Seen in children who have been abused or neglected, leading to inconsistent behaviors.
- The child struggles to regulate emotions and often oscillates between attachment and withdrawal.

Authoritative Parenting:
- Characterized by reasonable demands, warmth, and explanations for rules.
- Considered the best style in the U.S., promotes independence alongside guidance.
Authoritarian Parenting:
- High value on obedience and strict rules with little warmth.
- Common in non-U.S. cultures, can result in rebellious behaviors in children.
Permissive Parenting:
- Few demands placed on children; parents act more as friends than authority figures.
- Can lead to issues with independence and self-control in children.
Uninvolved Parenting:
- Parents are indifferent and may neglect their children due to various stressors such as health or economic issues.
- Lack of responsiveness can lead to deficits in emotional regulation in children.

Parenting style significantly influences the development of attachment styles in children.
Healthy attachments are often fostered through authoritative parenting, whereas authoritarian and uninvolved styles may lead to insecure attachments.

Freud compared the mind to an iceberg:
- Conscious: Thoughts and feelings we are aware of (above water).
- Unconscious: Urges and desires we are not aware of (below water).
Internal struggle between these components can lead to personality development.

Id:
- Represents primal urges and seeks immediate gratification (pleasure principle).
- Present from birth, controls hunger, thirst, and sexual desires.
Superego:
- Represents moral judgments and strives for perfection, serving as our conscience.
- Develops through social interactions and shapes moral behavior.
Ego:
- The rational self that mediates between id and superego, balancing desires with reality (reality principle).
- When the balance is disrupted, anxiety occurs.

Freud posited that the ego utilizes defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety stemming from conflicts between id and superego.
Examples of Defense Mechanisms:
1. Denial: Refusing to accept reality of unpleasant events.
2. Displacement: Redirecting feelings towards a less threatening target.
3. Projection: Attributing one’s undesirable thoughts to others.
4. Rationalization: Justifying behaviors with acceptable reasons.
5. Reaction Formation: Adopting beliefs contrary to one's own to cope with feelings.
6. Regression: Reverting to infantile behaviors when stressed.
7. Repression: Suppressing painful memories unconsciously.
8. Sublimation: Channeling unacceptable desires into socially acceptable behaviors.

Freud’s controversial perspective involved multiple stages where children experience focus on different bodily pleasures:
1. Oral Stage: Focus on oral pleasures (0-1 year).
2. Anal Stage: Focus on bowel and bladder control (1-3 years).
3. Phallic Stage: Focus on genitals; coping with incestuous feelings (3-6 years).
4. Latency Stage: Dormant sexual feelings (6-puberty).
5. Genital Stage: Maturation of sexual interests (puberty onward).
Emphasis on the controversial nature of discussing sexuality in early childhood.

Students should review the attachment and parenting styles in preparation for upcoming assessments.
Focus on Freud's theories relating to personality and anxiety management as these will be relevant for exams and future discussions in class.