MAY 12TH C13

Indian Removal and Jackson's Policies

Choctaw, Chickasaw, Muskogee, Sentinel, and Cherokee nations were located in the Southeast.
The Saucony Fox were removed from the north despite having a treaty in New York (1779) that secured their rights.
The Cherokee were more westernized, with some owning plantations and enslaved people. However, most Indigenous people didn't own enslaved people
The Cherokee took their case to the Supreme Court and won, but President Jackson ignored the ruling.
Jackson, like many settlers, believed whites and Indigenous people could not coexist.
He forcibly removed Indigenous people west, which was illegal, hence the Trail of Tears. Westward migration was enforced illegally.

The Whig Party

A new party, the Whig Party, emerged, composed of former Jackson supporters from diverse backgrounds.
The term "Whig" originated during the Revolutionary War, referring to patriots who opposed King George III's tyranny.
The Whig Party opposed Jackson, believing he was taking too much control and acting like a king.
They referred to Jackson as "King Andrew the First," criticizing his excessive power.

Jackson's Views on Race, Progress, and Economics

Jackson's views on race and progress influenced his policies and how Americans engaged in commerce.
Jackson and his supporters opposed credit and viewed the Bank of the United States as a symbol of the credit system, which they considered anti-American and a form of control.
Jackson wanted real bullion (gold and silver) instead of paper money, credit, or banknotes.
Jackson hated paper money and those who profited from it, directing his anger at the Second Bank of the United States.

The Bank Crisis

Hamilton created the bank to establish national credit, but Jackson opposed it, as it was not the 1790s anymore.
A charter, an agreement between the government and the bank, stipulated the bank's powers and limitations for a set period.
The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816 after the War of 1812, with Congress realizing a national bank was necessary to fund wars.
The bank regulated the flow of money and regulated state banks by issuing paper notes (credit) based on the faith that state banks would make adequate loans.
The Second Bank's new charter was due in 1836.

Nicholas Biddle and Henry Clay's Scheme

Nicholas Biddle, head of the Bank of the United States, and Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, opposed Jackson.
Biddle tried to get the bank rechartered in 1832, four years before its expiration in 1836, to challenge Jackson during an election year.
Clay and Biddle hoped the bank issue would undermine Jackson's presidential run, knowing Jackson hated the bank.
Congress passed the rechartering legislation, but Jackson vetoed it.
The plan backfired as Jackson won the election by a landslide, and Congress couldn't override his veto, leading to his re-inauguration.
Jackson publicly condemned the bank as a privileged monopoly for banks.

Pet Banks and the Bank's Demise

Jackson established "pet banks," new institutions to receive monetary funds, taxes, and revenue that would normally go to state banks.
This bypassed state banks and prevented them from paying back their notes to the Bank of the United States, violating the charter.
Jackson bled the Second Bank dry, causing its failure.
By 1833, there were 23 pet banks, redirecting funds and issuing loans to private individuals, including speculators.

The Panic of 1837

The pet banks contributed to a depression known as the Panic of 1837.
Speculators bought government land cheaply and resold it at higher profits, leading to a snowball effect as more people joined in.
Banks issued loans exceeding their gold and silver reserves, causing a panic in various industries, including the stock market.
Ironically, the pet banks facilitated the issuing of loans, credit to speculators creating a snowball effect contrary to Jackson's goals.

Specie Circular and the Rise of the Whigs

In 1836, Jackson issued the Specie Circular, requiring investors to pay for government land in gold and silver, not loans.
However, it was too late as the pet banks had already created a house of cards, leading to its collapse.
Detractors formed a coalition that became the Whig Party, referring to Jackson as "King Andrew the First."
The Whigs comprised a diverse group from the Upper Midwest, southern planters, and New England merchants, united in their opposition to Jackson.
The Whigs favored an activist government, reminiscent of the Federalists, with the federal government taking a more active role.
The Democrats' base was in the West (Tennessee, Kentucky) and South, with some feeling limited by monopolies like the Second Bank of the United States.
The Whigs were poised to become a significant force in upcoming elections, especially in the 1840s.

Jackson's Legacy and the Whig Party's Rise

Despite new political alignments in 1836, Jackson had removed Indigenous people, dismantled the Bank of the United States, and used vetoes extensively.
Jackson's excessive use of vetoes made people feel he was abusing his power and hence many conservatives admired Jackson. This approach is particularly favored by Trump.
The old National Republicans, part of John Quincy Adams' coalition, joined the Whig Party.
The Whigs opposed Jackson due to the nullification crisis and the federal government's perceived overreach in South Carolina.
The Whigs had a broad membership and diverse desires, ranging from market interests to political ideologies like opposition to nullification.

The Election of 1836 and the Panic's Impact

Jackson declined to run again, and his Vice President, Martin Van Buren, became the Democratic candidate.
Van Buren's presidency was marred by the Panic of 1837, devastating the economy.
The Whigs made significant gains in Congress in 1838, positioning themselves for a strong presidential run in 1840.
Van Buren's handling of the economic crisis was widely criticized, leading to the creation of the Independent Treasury.

The Independent Treasury and Economic Fallout

The leading cash crop in the South was cotton, which was in high demand in New England and England.
The government's revenue from selling public lands diminished, and it couldn't stop the flow of money out.
Van Buren created the Independent Treasury to prevent the United States from going bankrupt, as it did not function like a bank and did not extend loans.
Instead of stimulating the economy, the Independent Treasury hoarded money, prolonging the Panic of 1837.

The Election of 1840 and the Whig Victory

The Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison and blamed Van Buren for the economic crisis.
The election of 1840 was marked by "campaign of tomfoolery" and political attacks.
It was the first time a party, the Whigs, addressed the issue of slavery during an election.
Harrison won the election of 1840, marking the completion of a second-party American system.
Democrats lost power in Congress and the presidency.

Appraising Jacksonian Democracy

The Whigs and Democrats held political conventions, a practice that continues today.
Despite new political alignments, Jackson's policies resulted in Indian removal, the bank crisis, and extensive use of vetoes.

Ethical and Moral Dimensions of Slavery

By the mid-1830s, slavery became a contentious issue, shifting from an ethical wrong to a moral issue.
The Second Great Awakening, a religious revival, emphasized that all people, including enslaved individuals, were worthy of salvation, and slavery was deemed morally wrong.
Southern slaveholders began to adopt a paternalistic approach, encouraging marriage and baptism among the enslaved.
The task system started to decline, and the concept of enslaved people as moral agents emerged, leading to twisted justifications for slavery.

Manifest Destiny and Justifications for Expansion

The idea that God had given Americans the right to expand westward (Manifest Destiny) gained prominence.

Reform Movements and Social Change

The 1840s were dynamic, marked by religion, changes in slavery justification, and westward expansion.
Reform movements emerged, addressing issues like education, temperance, and social problems.

Temperance

*Temperance refers to controlling alcohol, in contrast to prohibition which intends to eliminate alcohol.

The temperance movement sought to control alcohol manufacturing, distribution, and consumption, while some aimed for prohibition.
The movement responded to high alcohol consumption rates, with the average male drinking several gallons of bourbon annually.
The pervasiveness of alcohol was evident in the close proximity of saloons to factories and other establishments.

Education

The demand for free education increased, raising the question of funding sources (state vs. federal).
Whigs supported federal funding for public education to assimilate immigrants and factory workers.
Democrats favored state and community funding.
Catholics sought funding for their own private schools, leading to debates about the separation of church and state.
Before educational reforms, children of various ages attended ungraded schools together.

Horace Mann and Educational Reform in Massachusetts

Massachusetts led educational reform by establishing grade levels and a public school system.
Horace Mann, the first secretary of education in Massachusetts, separated children by grade and developed grade-based curricula.
compulsory attendance was established in Massachusetts.
The high schools are also known for public talks, public lectures.
Social mobility increased.

Race and Social Reform

Educational reforms didn't happen uniformly, as the South resisted due to concerns about social mobility.
Southern elites preferred maintaining a rigid class system.
By the 1830s, more northerners saw slavery as morally wrong, leading to the rise of abolitionism.
The expansion of slavery westward made the issue more contentious.
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 sought to maintain numerical quality.

Abolitionist Movements

different ideas about the abolitionist movements.
The America Collateralization: send Black American back to Africa which would be today's Liberia.
abolitionism: complex thing
*William Lyod Garrison, there would be any violence
1831 publish the lead rater.
Anti Salberry: 1840 that was hell women
Elizabeth Catte Stanton: Lucricia Mont: abolishing the the men
both the declaration on the women right convention in 1848.
Voting. That's about the election here including the force force
what a what a ironic twist are many get a get divorce you get the blood I I have been on a little standpoint but that pretty Jack 5.

The Reform Impulse

*Aboleism
aphorism the the 1948
slavery is still expanding.
laws that would be 9 year for this is where my with him. I'm not very many but what I I I did it all right so okay so some way what okay so just because. If we 5 is too fast or so you guys okay I'm so 5 okay if ever.
not everybody agree on the same issue about abortion.
some if we gonna talk we're hard fall off of it.
most people were not most were not I hate the person who wants for that time we get a Adrian Lincoln who was who was never the ever do like well how could one even give it okay it to and this a way for. She said just like okay.
soldier there we have
always 10 on
by
high I by
thirsty and is this a
new
young
sweet.

Abolitionism and Women's Activism

Abolitionism, women's activism, The Grimke's: and Selena were from the south and then their only and there was a support from.
So that weeks ago there were those people that are not just men but women that would join his talks however the Haven had here yet one of the new party that had little chance of winning but they're gonna stick around for a little while or those people of of of 53 party and they will of the believe with William were

The Grimk Sisters: were in there because one of the big supporters William was. Okay the next slide.

** Angelina Grimke's appeal to the Christian women and southern the 1936 the same time from the issue is real to now only that Angelina as as a with a 5 social about it okay but what I the I will and so the the. It was and some for to great to is how do you what. So they always took I make sense you want to go in about to make it. I am also and and especially because you had it from a very big ride for what the of and there it that social. Okay the other
Other for for society. The the women about before the you the women that even 7 and and those okay.

Other Reforms

Dorothea Dix: Women Nobel peace prize separate I said the. The doctor
B. 5 for other 71 the 5 to by the by by the I have I the
I