Theories on the Origin of The Universe
Theories on The Origin the Universe
Chapter 1: Earth’s Origin
- Creationism
- Primordial universe
- Atomic universe
- Stoic Universe
- Vortex Universe
- Static Steady-Steady Infinite Universe
In an effort to make sense of the universe, humans use religion, traditions, philosophy,
and science to describe its origin and structure. There are stories and beliefs passed on
from one generation to another, and there are hypotheses and theories that are
continuously tested and challenged through the scientific method.
a. Creation
- The narrative from Genesis, one of the books of the Hebrew Bible, and
Christian Old Testament – it describes how God separated light from
darkness, created the sky, land, sea, moon, stars, and every living creature
in a span of six days
b. Primordial Universe
- A Greek Philosopher
- He believed that the original state of the cosmos was a primordial mixture of
all ingredients which existed in infinitesimally fragments of themselves
- Primary stage of the universe (baby phase)
- Anaxagoras
- This mixture was not entirely uniform; some ingredients were present in
higher concentrations than others, and the distribution of these
ingredients varies from place to place.
- At some point in time, this mixture was set in motion by the action of the
"nous" or mind.
- A whirling motion sifted and separated the ingredients, ultimately
producing the cosmos of separated material objects with different
properties that can be seen today
Soup. Pieces collided, nag-mix, then nadevelop
c. Atomic Universe
- Formulated by the Greek Philosophers Leucippus and Democritus believed in
an atomic universe composed of tiny inseparable, indestructible atoms
- Leucippus and Democritus
- Believed in an atomic universe
- They held that the universe was composed of very small, indivisible,
and indestructible atoms.
All of reality and all the objects in the universe are composed of
different arrangements of these eternal atoms and an infinite void in
which the atoms form different combinations and shapes.
Lego, blocks
d. Stoic Universe
- Stoic Philosopher of an Ancient Greece believed that the universe is like a
living body, with the sun and stars as the most important parts to which all
the other parts are interconnected.
- What happens in one place affects the other
- The Stoic philosophers
- Believed that the universe is like a giant living body with sun, and the
stars as the most important parts to which everything else was
interconnected.
- What happens in one place affects the events that occur elsewhere
Kapag masakit ulo mo, affected buong katawan, parang
ganon, damay damay na pati yung tasks na dapat gagawin
mo di mo na magawa dahil may sakit ka
Pag umulan ng crystal sa Mars, uulan rin sa Venus
e. Static or Newtonian Universe
- In Newton’s Universe matter on a large scale is uniformly distributed and the
universe is gravitationally balance but unstable
- Isaac Newton
- He publishes his book “Principia,” which described a static, steady-state
infinite universe
f. Cartesian Vortex Universe
- He outlined a model of the universe with many of the characteristics of
Newton’s static, infinite universe.
- Rene Descartes
- According to him, the vacuum of space was not empty at all but was
filled with matter that swirled around in large and small Vortices
- His model involved a huge system of swirling whirlpool of fine matter
producing what would later be called gravitational effects
- Convection Currents
Bathtub, washing machine. Nagcocompact world dahil may
movement because of the swirl, nadevelop universe
g. Einsteinian Universe
- He assumed in his theory of relativity was no different from Newton’s in that it
was static, dynamically stable universe, which was neither expanding nor
contracting.
Albert Einstein
- He added a cosmological constant to his general theory of relativity
equations to counteract the dynamic effects of gravity, which would
have caused the universe to collapse
Trampoline. Yung curve na yan yung gravity, hinihigop then it
makes it compact, then develops the universe
- He would later abandon this part of the theory when, in 1929, American
astronomer Edwin Hubble showed that the universe was not static
Modern Theories on The Origin of the Universe
Modern theories on the origin of the universe were a synthesis of the past
observations, theories and laws, as well as new understanding of mass, energy, and
relativity.
The invention of new types of telescopes and sensors, which extended humankind's
ability to observe the farther regions of the universe, were vital in the development of
these modern theories.
a. Oscillating Universe
- Einstein’s favored model after rejecting his own model
- Followed by the general theory of relativity equations of the universe with
positive curvature. This curvature resulted in the expansion of the universe for
a time, and then to its contraction due to the pull of its gravity in a perpetual
cycle of Big Bang and Big Crunch
- Rigveda
- The Hindu text that describes the universe as the cyclical or oscillating
universe in which a cosmic egg or Brahmanda contains the whole
universe - including the sun, moon, planets, and space-expanded out
of a single concentrated point called Bindu, before subsequently
collapse again.
- Bindu
- Tiny starting point
- “point” “dot”
- Brahmada
- Cosmic egg
- Sun, moon, planets, and space
b. Steady State Theory
- They predict a universe that expanded but did not change density; matter
was inserted into the universe as it expanded in order to maintain a constant
density
- Fred Hoyle and Austrian Thomas Gold and Herman Bondi
- Proposed the Steady State Theory
Pag add ng new ingredients sa hotpot or samgyupsal
c. Inflationary Model
- Alan Guth
- Proposed a model of the universe based on the big bang theory.
- Incorporated a short, early period of exponential cosmic inflation in
order to solve the horizon and flatness problems of the standard big
bang model
- American physicist
- Another variation was the cyclic model developed by Paul Steinhardt and
Neil Turok in 2002, which incorporated the ideas based on the superstring
theory
d. Multiverse
- Sees the universe as just one of the many “bubbles” that grew as a part of
the multiverse
- Andrei Linde
- Developed the concept of inflationary universe from his chaotic
inflation theory in 1983
- American physicist Hugh Everett III and Bryce Dewitt
- Initially developed and popularized the “many worlds” structure of the
universe in the 1960s and 1970s
e. Big Bang Theory
- Monsignor Abbe Georges Lemaitre-Catholic priest, physicist, and
astronomer.
- This theory explains that the universe developed 13.7 billion years ago
and started as a very dense and hot “singularity” which eventually
cooled and began to form new particles
- Currently accepted model on the formation of the universe
- Describes the universe as expanding, having originated from an infinitely
tiny, infinitely dense point around 14 billion years ago
- According to BBT, matter was not present at the beginning of time; there
was only pure energy compressed in a single point called singularity
- The BBT explains that the universe developed 13.7 billion years ago and
started as a very dense and hot “singularity” which eventually cooled and
began to form new particles.
Monsignor Georges Lemaître
- Roman catholic priest, physicist, and astronomer. He was the first known
academic to propose a theory of an expanding universe he called as
"hypothesis of the primeval atom or cosmic egg." He was also a pioneer in
applying Albert Einstein's theory of relativity in cosmology. Monsignor Lemaître
studied civil engineering at the Catholic University of Leuven and became a
graduate student in astronomy at the University of Cambridge in England in
1923. He received his PhD in physics at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology in 1924. In 1 925, he returned to Belgium to teach at the Catholic
University of Leuven. Monsignor Lemaître was born iin Clarleroi, Belgium on
July 17, 1894 and died on June 20, 1966 at the age of 71.
Astronomer
- They use the physics and mathematics to learn about the principles of the
universe, including the sun, moon, planets, stars, and galaxies. Astronomers
go on to the fields of education, research, or a variety of jobs requiring skills
such as data analysis or software development
The Origin of the Solar System
The universe may have begun with the Big Bang which occurred around 13.8
Ga, but it was only after one billion years that galaxies began to form.
The age of the Solar System and that of planet Earth is approximately 4.54 billion
years old.
Model
- Representation of an idea, object or even process
a. Geocentric Universe
- Aristotle and Ptolemy
- Greek philosophers who believed that Earth stayed motionless in the
heavens and everything was revolving around it. This would later
contradict other of philosophers' views, most notably, astronomer
Nicolaus Copernicus’ in 1543 with his theory of heliocentrism.
b. Heliocentrism/ Heliocentric Universe
- Copernicus - 1543
- Demonstrated that the motions of celestial objects can be explained
without putting Earth in the center of the universe.
- Giordano Bruno
- Italian philosopher who in 1584, suggested that even the Solar
System is not in the center of the universe – it is merely just
another solar system among an infinite multitude of others
- Sun is the center of the planets
c. Nebular theory
- Proposed by Kant Laplace
- The Solar System started as a large cloud of gas that contracted due to self-
gravity
- While it incorporates more basic physics, the hypothesis could not account
for why 99% of the Solar System’s mass is in the sun, but 99% of its angular
momentum is in the planets. It also does not provide a mechanism to explain
why the disk would turn into individual planets.
- Collided – compact – bigger = planet
- electrostatic
Angular Momentum
- Quantity of rotation of a body
- Nebula
- Cloud of dispersed interstellar gas
- Hot gas, dust
d. Planetesimal Hypotheses
- Proposed by Chamberlin-Moulton
e. Tidal Theory
- Proposed by Jeans-Jeffreys
f. Protoplanet Theory
- Proposed by Kuiper & Weizsacker and supported by Harold Urey
- Present working model on the formation of the Solar System
- Swirling gas and dust then formation of planets and stars
- Modified version of Nebular Hypothesis
- It is built on the main concepts of the nebular hypothesis and concepts
based on new knowledge on fluids and states of matter.
- According to this hypothesis, the Solar System began with a fragment from
an interstellar cloud composed mainly of hydrogen, helium, and trace
amounts of the light elements
- Planetesimals
- Larger asteroid-sized aggregates which oriented the center of the solar
nebula
- The planetesimals differed in chemical composition, depending
primarily on their national distance from the sun as they were formed.
As a consequence, the terrestrial planets formed near the central
portion of the solar nebula, where the temperatures were high enough
to vaporize all compounds in the dust except the high-temperature
metallic and silicate minerals in the inner portion of the disk. The gas
giants formed in the outer disk which remained relatively cooler,
allowing them to be rich in volatile, icy, and gaseous materials
g. Encounter Hypothesis
- About 5 Ga, a rogue star passed close to the sun and stripped materials (hot
gasses) from both the sun and the rogue star
- The hot gasses continued to spin in the same direction as the sun, and
coalesced into smaller lumps which formed the planets.
- The encounter hypothesis was able to explain why all the planets revolve in
the same direction and why the inner planets are denser than the outer
ones