· Protein
· Protein
o Make-up
§ 53% C, 7% H, 23% O, 16% N, <1% S & P
o Principle component of organs and soft tissues of the animal body
o Highest requirement in young; declines with maturity.
o Largest molecules- vary greatly in composition.
· Structure of Proteins
o One common property-
§ Made up of units called amino acids
§ More than 200 naturally occurring amino acids
§ Only 20 commonly found in most proteins
§ Arrangement of carboxyl group and the amino group in and the length of chain determine differences
· Protein Functions
o Basic structural units of the body
§ Collagen
§ Elastin
§ Contractile, keratin and blood proteins
o Body Metabolism
§ Enzymes
· Digestion, degrading, synthesis
§ Hormones
§ Immune antibodies
§ Hereditary transmission
o Source of energy after deamination
· Vitamins
o Organic compounds required in minute quantities for normal body functions
o Can be divided into two groups based upon solubility:
§ Fat Soluble
§ Water Soluble
· Fat Soluble Vitamins
o A
o D
o E
o K
§ Storage in body tissues allow for consumption of deficient diets over a longer period of time than water-soluble before signs of deficiencies appear.
· Water- Soluble Vitamins
o All are organic compounds but unrelated to each other in structure
o Unlike fat-soluble they are not stored in appreciable amounts in body tissues
o Exceptions- B12
o In humans- excess stored in liver and other tissues
§ 30-60%= liver
§ 30%= muscle /skin/ bone
· Function
o Most function as metabolic catalysts.
§ As coenzymes
o Greatly affect metabolism if they are unavailable in sufficient amounts
§ Thiamin deficiency-
· Neurological disturbances
· Beriberi (numbness of extremities, unsteady gait, edema of feet and legs)
· Minerals
o Inorganic
o Solid
o Crystalline
o 3-5% of the animal body dry weight
§ Ca- ½ of the total
§ P- ¼ of total
§ All other minerals- ¼
· General Functions
o Skeletal makeup and development
o Protein synthesis
o Oxygen transport
o Fluid balance
o Acid-base regulation
o Enzymes system components and activators
o Mineral- Vitamin relationships
· Natural Sources
o Forage crops
§ General good source
§ Can depend on soil types and maintenance/ usage.
o Cereal grains
§ Fair for P
§ Low in most others