Chemistry
Shapes of Elements:
Atoms: Atoms are typically depicted as spherical in models. However, in quantum mechanical models, they are represented by orbitals that can have various shapes such as spherical (s-orbitals), dumbbell-shaped (p-orbitals), and more complex shapes (d and f orbitals).
Molecules: Molecules can have various shapes depending on the arrangement of atoms. For example:
solids- Particles are closely packed in a fixed arrangement; they vibrate but do not move freely.
liquids-Particles are close but can move around each other, allowing the liquid to flow and take the shape of its container.
gas-Particles are far apart and move freely, filling the container they are in.
Solid to Liquid: Melting
Liquid to Gas: Vaporization (or Evaporation/Boiling)
Gas to Liquid: Condensation
Liquid to Solid: Freezing
Gas to Solid: Deposition
Solid to Gas: Sublimation
elements-compounds-and-mixtures. Element is the simplest subtance that cannot be broken down by any chemical methods. Compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined together. Mixture is made from two or more substances physically combined together.
element- Made up of only one type of atom; cannot be broken down further.
compound- Made up of two or more types of atoms chemically bonded together.
mixture- Contains two or more substances physically combined; each retains its own properties.
The particle theory of matter- all matter is made up of tiny particles too small to be seen, there are spaces between the particles, there are attractive forces between particles, the particles are always moving, at high temperatures, the particles move faster than they do at low temperatures
solids- fixed shape and volume, tightly packed particles in a regular pattern, limited particle movement (vibration)
liquids- fixed volume, takes shape of the bottom of the container, closely packed particles that can move past each other, free to move
gas- shape and volume conform to the container, high energy, free movement