BITSAT-2026 Exhaustive Study Syllabus Guide

Part I: Physics

1. Units & Measurement

1.1 Units * Description of different systems of units. * SI units: Detailed study of the International System of Units. * Classification of units into Fundamental units and Derived units.
1.2 Dimensional Analysis * Application of dimensions to physical quantities and verification of equations.
1.3 Precision and Significant Figures * Rules for identifying and calculating with significant figures. * Concepts of precision and accuracy in measurements.
1.4 Fundamental Measurements in Physics * Practical application and theory of measurement instruments: Vernier calipers, screw gauge, and Physical balance.

2. Kinematics

2.1 Properties of Vectors * Scalar and vector quantities, vector addition, and multiplication.
2.2 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors * Vector representation of kinematic variables in two and three dimensions.
2.3 Motion with Constant Acceleration * Equations of motion for objects moving with uniform acceleration.
2.4 Projectile Motion * Analysis of two-dimensional motion under the influence of gravity.
2.5 Uniform Circular Motion * Kinematics of particles moving in a circle at a constant speed.
2.6 Relative Motion * Velocity and acceleration of a particle relative to a moving frame of reference.

3. Newton’s Laws of Motion

3.1 Newton’s Laws * First, second, and third laws of motion. * Application using Free Body Diagrams (FBD). * Techniques for the resolution of forces.
3.2 Motion on an Inclined Plane * Analysis of forces and acceleration for objects on sloped surfaces.
3.3 Motion of Blocks with Pulley Systems * Dynamics of connected bodies and tension in strings.
3.4 Circular Motion – Centripetal Force * Dynamics of objects in circular paths, identifying specific centripetal forces (e.g., tension, friction).
3.5 Inertial and Non-inertial Frames * Definitions and the application of pseudo-forces in non-inertial frames.

4. Impulse and Momentum

4.1 Definition of Impulse and Momentum * Relationship between force and the change in momentum.
4.2 Conservation of Momentum * The principle that momentum remains constant in an isolated system.
4.3 Collisions * Analysis of elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
4.4 Momentum of a System of Particles * The generalized momentum for multi-particle systems.
4.5 Center of Mass * Calculation and physical significance of the center of mass for various distributions.

5. Work and Energy

5.1 Work Done by a Force * Mathematical definition of work as a dot product of force and displacement.
5.2 Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem * Derivation and application where total work equals the change in kinetic energy.
5.3 Power * Rate of doing work ( $P = \frac{dW}{dt}$ ).
5.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy * Definition of conservative forces and the derivation of potential energy functions.
5.5 Conservation of Mechanical Energy * Principles of energy conservation in isolated, conservative systems.

6. Rotational Motion

6.1 Description of Rotation * Variables of rotation: Angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration.
6.2 Rotational Motion with Constant Angular Acceleration * Rotational analogues to linear kinematic equations.
6.3 Moment of Inertia * Calculations for various shapes. * Parallel and Perpendicular Axes Theorems. * Definition of Rotational Kinetic Energy.
6.4 Torque and Angular Momentum * Relating torque ( $\mathbf{\tau}$ ) to angular momentum ( $\mathbf{L}$ ).
6.5 Conservation of Angular Momentum * Application to orbital mechanics and rotating systems.
6.6 Rolling Motion * Analysis of objects undergoing both translation and rotation (rolling without slipping).

7. Gravitation

7.1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation * The universal law: $F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}$ .
7.2 Gravitational Potential Energy and Escape Velocity * Calculation of energy in a gravity field and the minimum speed required to escape orbit.
7.3 Motion of Planets * Kepler’s Laws: Law of Orbits, Law of Areas, and Law of Periods. * Physics of Satellite Motion.

8. Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

8.1 Elasticity * Stress, strain, and Hooke's law.
8.2 Pressure, Density, and Archimedes’ Principle * Fluid statics and the study of buoyancy.
8.3 Viscosity and Surface Tension * Fluid dynamics properties and phenomena related to cohesive forces.
8.4 Bernoulli’s Theorem * Energy conservation in fluid flow and its applications.

9. Oscillations

9.1 Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) * Equations for displacement, velocity, and acceleration in oscillation.
9.2 Spring-Mass System and Pendulums * Mechanics of the Simple Pendulum and Compound Pendulum.
9.3 Forced & Damped Oscillations and Resonance * Study of oscillations with energy loss (damping) and external driving forces.

10. Waves

10.1 Progressive Sinusoidal Waves * Equation and characteristics of traveling waves.
10.2 Standing Waves * Analysis of waves in strings and pipes (open and closed).
10.3 Superposition of Waves and Beats * The principle of superposition and the phenomenon of beats.
10.4 Doppler Effect * Changes in frequency due to the relative motion of source and observer.

11. Heat and Thermodynamics

11.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases * Microscopic interpretation of pressure and temperature.
11.2 Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature * The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
11.3 Heat Transfer Principles * Specific Heat. * Mechanisms: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation. * Thermal Conductivity. * Newton’s Law of Cooling. * First Law of Thermodynamics: Work, heat, and internal energy ( $\Delta U = Q - W$ ).
11.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics * Carnot Engine: Detailed study of efficiency and Coefficient of Performance (COP).

12. Electrostatics

12.1 Coulomb’s Law * Electrostatic force between point charges ( $F = k \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2}$ ).
12.2 Electric Field * Mapping fields for discrete and continuous charge distributions.
12.3 Electrostatic Potential and Potential Energy * Work done in moving charges and scalar potential fields.
12.4 Gauss’ Law and Applications * Using flux to determine electric fields for symmetric charge distributions.
12.5 Electric Dipole * Field and potential due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform field.
12.6 Capacitance and Dielectrics * Parallel plate capacitor mechanics. * Combinations of capacitors in series and parallel.

13. Current Electricity

13.1 Ohm’s Law and Joule Heating * Resistance and the heat dissipated in a conductor ( $H = I^2Rt$ ).
13.2 D.C. Circuits * Resistors and cells in series and parallel. * Kirchhoff’s Laws: Junction Rule and Loop Rule. * Instrumentation: Potentiometer and Wheatstone bridge.
13.3 Electrical Resistance * Concepts of Resistivity, its origin, and temperature dependence.

14. Magnetic Effect of Current

14.1 Biot-Savart’s Law * Calculation of magnetic fields from current elements.
14.2 Ampere’s Law * Applications in finding magnetic fields for high-symmetry geometries.
14.3 Lorentz Force * Force on moving charges and current-carrying conductors in magnetic fields.
14.4 Magnetic Moment and Torque * Torque on current loops. * Instruments: Galvanometer and its conversion to Voltmeter and Ammeter.

15. Electromagnetic Induction

15.1 Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law * Induced EMF and current; eddy currents.
15.2 Self and Mutual Inductance * Properties of inductors and coupling between circuits.
15.3 Transformers and Generators * Working principles of electromagnetic machinery.
15.4 Alternating Current (AC) * Measurement using peak and RMS values.
15.5 AC Circuits * Analysis of LCR circuits, resonance, and power factor.

16. Optics

16.1 Laws of Reflection and Refraction * Snell's Law and reflection at surfaces.
16.2 Lenses and Mirrors * Image formation, ray diagrams, and lens/mirror formulas.
16.3 Optical Instruments * Mechanics of the telescope and microscope.
16.4 Interference * Huygen’s Principle. * Young’s Double Slit Experiment (YDSE).
16.5 Interference in Thin Films * Constructive and destructive interference in layers.
16.6 Diffraction * Diffraction patterns due to a single slit.
16.7 Electromagnetic Waves * Characteristics (qualitative ideas only) and the Electromagnetic Spectrum.
16.8 Polarization * States of polarization, Malus’ Law, and Brewster’s Law.

17. Modern Physics

17.1 Dual Nature of Light and Matter * Photoelectric effect theory. * Calculation of De Broglie wavelength.
17.2 Atomic Models * Rutherford’s experiment and his atomic picture. * Bohr’s atomic model and its postulates.
17.3 Hydrogen Atom Spectrum * Emission lines and levels.
17.4 Radioactivity * Alpha, beta, and gamma decay; decay laws.
17.5 Nuclear Reactions * Fission and fusion processes. * Concept of binding energy.

18. Electronic Devices

18.1 Energy Bands in Solids * Qualitative theory distinguishing conductors, insulators, and semiconductors.
18.2 Semiconductor Diode * I-V characteristics in forward/reverse bias. * Applications: Rectifier, LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode. * Zener diode functioning as a voltage regulator.
18.3 Junction Transistor * Transistor action and characteristics. * Applications: Amplifier (Common Emitter configuration) and Oscillator.
18.4 Logic Gates * OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR gates. * Transistor utilized as a switch.

Part II: Chemistry

1. States of Matter

1.1 Measurement and Fundamentals * Physical quantities, SI units, and Dimensional analysis. * Precision and Significant figures.
1.2 Chemical Reactions * Laws of chemical combination. * Dalton’s atomic theory. * Mole concept: Atomic, molecular, and molar masses. * Percentage composition; calculation of empirical & molecular formulas. * Balanced equations and Stoichiometry.
1.3 Gaseous State * Intermolecular interactions and bonding types. * Gas Laws: Ideal behavior and the ideal gas equation ( $PV = nRT$ ). * Avogadro number. * Kinetic energy and molecular speeds. * Deviation from Ideal Behavior: van der Waals equation ( $(P + \frac{an^2}{V^2})(V - nb) = nRT$ ). * Critical temperature and Liquefaction of gases.
1.4 Liquid State * Vapour pressure, surface tension, and viscosity.
1.5 Solid State * Classification and crystallography: Space lattices & crystal systems. * Unit cells (2D and 3D); density calculation for Cubic & hexagonal systems. * Close packing and voids. * Crystal structures: AB and AB2 type ionic crystals, covalent crystals (diamond & graphite), and metals. * Imperfections: Point defects and non-stoichiometric crystals. * Properties: Electrical, magnetic, and dielectric. * Band theory of metals: Conductors, semiconductors (n- and p- type), and insulators.

2. Atomic Structure

2.1 Models of the Atom * Subatomic particles; Atomic number, isotopes, and isobars. * Thompson’s and Rutherford’s models including limitations. * Hydrogen atom spectrum and the Bohr model.
2.2 Quantum Mechanics * Wave-particle duality: de Broglie relation ( $\lambda = \frac{h}{p}$ ). * Uncertainty Principle ( $\Delta x \Delta p \geq \frac{h}{4\pi}$ ). * Quantum numbers and wave functions. * Atomic orbitals: Shapes of s, p, and d. * Spin quantum number.
2.3 Multi-electron Atoms * Rules for electron filling: Pauli exclusion principle, Aufbau principle, and Hund’s rule.

3. Periodicity and Bonding

3.1 Modern Periodic Table * Classification into s, p, d, and f blocks. * Periodic Trends: Ionization energy, atomic/ionic radii, electron affinity, electronegativity, and valency. * Nomenclature for elements with Z > 100.
3.2 Ionic Bonding * Lattice Energy and Born-Haber cycle. * Covalent character of ionic bonds (Fajans' Rules).
3.3 Molecular Structure * Lewis structures and resonance. * VSEPR model for determining molecular shapes.
3.4 Covalent Bond Theory * Valence Bond Theory: Orbital overlap and hybridization ( $s, p, d$ ). * Molecular Orbital Theory: Method, energy diagrams, bond order, and magnetic properties for homonuclear diatomic species.
3.5 Intermolecular Forces * Dipole moments and Hydrogen Bonding.

4. Thermodynamics

4.1 Basic Concepts * Systems, surroundings, state functions, and Zeroth Law.
4.2 First Law of Thermodynamics * $Q, W, \Delta U, \Delta H$ ; Heat capacities and specific heats. * Thermochemistry: Hess’s Law; Enthalpies of formation, combustion, atomization, sublimation, and dissociation.
4.3 Second Law * Entropy and spontaneity; Gibbs free energy (G). * Relation to chemical equilibrium: $\Delta G^0 = -RT \ln(K)$ .
4.4 Third Law * Introduction to absolute entropy.

5. Physical and Chemical Equilibria

5.1 Concentration Units * Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality.
5.2 Solutions * Solubility, Raoult’s Law, and Colligative properties (Depletion in FP, Elevation in BP, Osmotic pressure). * van’t Hoff factor and abnormal molecular masses.
5.3 Physical Equilibrium * Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, and solid-gas phase changes.
5.4 Chemical Equilibria * Constants ( $K_P, K_C$ ) and Le-Chatelier’s principle.
5.5 Ionic Equilibria * Acids/Bases (Arrhenius, Lewis, Bronsted-Lowry). * pH, Buffer solutions (Henderson equation), and Acid-base titrations. * Solubility Product ( $K_{sp}$ ) and Common Ion Effect.

6. Electrochemistry

6.1 Redox Reactions and Cells * Oxidation numbers and balancing reactions. * Galvanic cells, EMF, and Nernst equation. * Corrosion prevention and fuel cells.
6.2 Electrolytic Conduction * Specific and molar conductivities; Kohlrausch’s Law. * Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.

7. Chemical Kinetics

7.1 Aspects of Kinetics * Rate expressions, order, and molecularity. * Integrated rate laws for zero and first order reactions.
7.2 Factors Affecting Rate * Temperature dependence and Arrhenius Equation ( $k = Ae^{-\frac{E_a}{RT}}$ ). * Elementary collision theory and activation energy.
7.3 Surface Chemistry * Adsorption (Physisorption vs. Chemisorption). * Catalysis (Homogeneous/Heterogeneous/Enzyme). * Colloids: Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, and coagulation.

8. Hydrogen and s-block Elements

8.1 Hydrogen * Position in table, isotopes, and hydrides (molecular, ionic, covalent, interstitial). * Hydrogen Peroxide and heavy water.
8.2 s-block Elements * Alkali/Alkaline earth metals: Trends in ionization energy and radii. * Details on NaCl, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaOH, CaO, Ca(OH)2, Plaster of Paris.

9. p- d- and f-block elements

9.1-9.6 p-Block Groups (13-18) * Group 13: Borax, Boric acid, Al reactions. * Group 14: Carbon allotropes (Fullerenes), Silicon compounds (Zeolites, Silicones). * Group 15: Haber’s process (for NH3) and Ostwald’s process (for HNO3). * Group 16: Ozone, Sulphur allotropes, and Sulphuric acid. * Group 17/18: Halogen oxoacids, Interhalogen compounds, and Xenon fluorides.
9.7-9.8 d- and f-Block * Transition metal properties: Color, magnetism, catalytic behavior. * Lanthanide contraction and its consequences.
9.9 Coordination Compounds * Werner’s theory, IUPAC naming, and Crystal field theory.

10. Organic Chemistry & 11. Stereochemistry

10.1-10.2 Fundamentals * IUPAC naming; electronic effects (Inductive, Resonance, Hyperconjugation). * Reactive intermediates: Carbocations, carbanions, and free radicals.
10.3-10.6 Hydrocarbons & Haloalkanes * Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes (Markovnikov's addition), and Aromaticity (Huckel's rule). * Synthetics: DDT, Freon, Iodoform.
11. Stereochem * Conformations (Ethane: Newman/Sawhorse) and Geometrical isomerism.

12. Oxygen and Nitrogen Functional Groups

12.1-12.2 Details * Alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines. * Reactivity of alpha-hydrogen and nucleophilic addition mechanisms. * Importance of diazonium salts.

13. Biological, Industrial and Environmental Chemistry

13.1-13.3 Biomolecules * Carbohydrates (Glucose, Sucrose, Starch, Cellulose). * Proteins: Amino acids and peptide bonds (Primary through Quaternary structures). * Nucleic Acids: DNA (Double helix) and RNA structure.
13.5 Polymers * Natural/Synthetic rubber, Nylon, Polyesters, Bakelite.
13.6 Pollution * Smog, Acid rain, Greenhouse effect, and Global warming.

14. Experimental Chemistry

14.1 Volumetric Analysis * Titrations: Acid-base and redox involving $KMnO_4$ and $K_2Cr_2O_7$ .
14.2 Inorganic Qualitative Analysis * Detection of Cations: $Pb^{2+}, Cu^{2+}, As^{3+}, Mn^{2+}, Al^{3+}, Zn^{2+}, Co^{2+}, Ca^{2+}, Sr^{2+}, Ba^{2+}, Mg^{2+}, NH_4^+, Fe^{3+}, Ni^{2+}$ . * Detection of Anions: $CO_3^{2-}, S^{2-}, SO_4^{2-}, SO_3^{2-}, NO_2^-, NO_3^-, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-, PO_4^{3-}, CH_3COO^-, C_2O_4^{2-}$ .
14.4-14.7 Lab Techniques * Purification: Crystallization, Distillation, Chromatography (Rf values). * Basic skills: Glass bending and cork boring.

Part III: English Proficiency and Logical Reasoning

(a) English Proficiency

1. Grammar: Determiners, Prepositions, Modals, Adjectives, Relative Pronouns, Agreement, Time/Tense, Voice, and Question Tags.
2. Vocabulary: Synonyms, Antonyms, Homophones, Phrasal Verbs, Idioms, and Analogies.
3. Reading Comprehension: Identifying main ideas, distinguishing facts from opinions, figuring out metaphors/similes, and CLOZE tests.
4. Composition: Rearrangement of word order and logical paragraph organization.

(b) Logical Reasoning

5. Verbal Reasoning * Analogy: Identifying similar relationships between pairs of words. * Classification: Spotting the "odd one out" in a group. * Series Completion: Finding missing letters or numbers. * Logical Deduction: Drawing conclusions from a provided passage. * Chart Logic: Completing charts/tables based on given rules.
6. Nonverbal Reasoning * Pattern Perception: Completing a missing quarter of a pattern. * Figure Formation and Analysis: Combining parts into a single figure. * Paper Cutting: Predicting designs from folded and cut paper. * Figure Matrix: Solving multi-set figure grids. * Rule Detection: Selecting figure sets that follow a specific logic.

Part IV: Mathematics

1. Algebra

1.1 Complex Numbers: Properties of modulus and argument, triangle inequality, roots, and the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.
1.2 Quadratic Equations: Solutions in real and complex systems.
1.3 Progressions: Arithmetic (AP), Geometric (GP), and Arithmetico-Geometric (AGP) series.
1.6-1.7 Combinatorics: Permutations/Combinations and Binomial Theorem.
1.8 Matrices and Determinants: Properties of order 2 or 3, inverses, adjoints, and solutions to linear equations.
1.9 Sets and Functions: Types of mappings (one-to-one, onto), Signum, Modulus, and Greatest Integer functions.

2. Trigonometry & 3. 2D Coordinate Geometry

2.1-2.3 Fundamentals: Radians/Degrees, trigonometric equations, and Inverse functions.
3.1-3.2 Straight Lines: Angle between lines, distance of point from line, and bisectors.
3.3-3.4 Conic Sections: Circles (standard and parametric), Parabola, Ellipse, and Hyperbola with foci and directrices.

4. 3D Coordinate Geometry & 5. Differential Calculus

4.1-4.3 Space Geometry: Direction cosines/ratios; equations for lines and planes; shortest distance between skew lines.
5.1-5.5 Calculus: Limits, Continuity, Differentiability; Chain Rule; Rolle’s Theorem and Mean Value Theorem.

6. Integral Calculus & 7. Differential Equations

6.1-6.3 Methods: Integration by parts, substitution, and partial fractions; finding areas under curves.
7.1-7.3 ODEs: Solving homogeneous and linear first-order differential equations.

8. Probability & 10. Statistics

8.1-8.4 Probability: Baye’s Theorem, conditional probability, and discrete random variables (mean/variance).
10.1 Measures of Dispersion: Standard deviation and variance analysis.

9. Vectors & 11. Linear Programming

9.1-9.3 Vector Algebra: Dot/Cross products, projections, and Scalar Triple Products.
11.1-11.2 LPP: Graphical solutions for optimal feasible regions.

Part IV: Biology

1. Diversity in Living World

1.2-1.3 Systematics: Binomial nomenclature; Five-kingdom classification system.
1.4-1.5 Kingdoms: Salient features of Algae to Angiosperms (Plants) and Nonchordates to Chordates (Animals).

2. Cell: Structure and Function

2.1 Organelles: ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Plastids, Ribosomes, and Nucleus.
2.3-2.5 Life Processes: Cell cycle (Mitosis/Meiosis); Biomolecules; Enzyme mechanism.

3. Genetics and Evolution

3.1 Mendelian Inheritance: Chromosome theory, Linkage, and Gene interaction.
3.3-3.5 Molecular Basis: DNA replication, Transcription, Translation, and DNA fingerprinting; Darwinism.

4. & 5. Plant and Animal Physiology

4.1-4.5 Plant Function: Transpiration, Photosynthesis (C3/C4), and Nitrogen fixation.
5.1-5.5 Human Physiology: Digestion, Circulation (Double circulation), Excretion (Urine formation), and Nervous system (Reflex action).

6. & 7. Reproduction

6.1-6.2 Plants: Pollination agents, double fertilization, and seed development.
7.1-7.5 Humans: Menstrual cycle, Gametogenesis, Embryo development, and Contraception.

8. Ecology and 10. Biotechnology

8.2 Ecosystems: Food chains, pyramids, and biodiversity conservation (Hot Spots).
10.3-10.5 Biotech Applications: Recombinant DNA technology; production of Insulin, Bt crops, and Gene therapy.