Honors Biology Notes Grade 10 Highschool Unit 4 & Unit 5:
U 4: Cell Division
Parts of the Cell Cycle:
Interphase:^^cell grows and develops (G1, S, G2), during s-phase the cell copies its DNA (replication) \n ^^
Mitosis: ^^cell division – the cell equally splits into 2 identical daughter cells^^
The genetics of the cells produced by mitosis: ^^identical, diploid^^
What are the cells used for? ^^Growth and repair of a body^^
- Interphase
- ==G1 - Cell growth - cell gets larger and makes proteins and organelles==
- S phase - “synthesis” phase DNA replication occurs. Chromosomes are duplicated.
- %%G2 - Preparing for cell division-organelles and molecules are produced%%
| Part of the Cell Cycle | Before interphase | After interphase | After Mitosis and Cytokinesis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diagram |  |  | |
| Description | The cell has 2 copies of every chromosome (diploid) | The cell is prepared for mitosis, it has grown and copied its DNA | The cell splits into 2 genetically identical daughter cells |
Define cancer: ^^uncontrolled cell division that results in the growth of tumors^^
\n Type of cells are produced by Meiosis Sex cells/gametes – ^^sperm and egg^^
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Important Terms:
Diploid: a full set of DNA (maternal and paternal)
Haploid: ½ set of DNA
Gamete: sex cell (haploid)
Sperm: male gamete
Egg: female gamete
Gonad: testes and ovaries – sex organs
Fertilization: combining gametes
Zygote: cell produced by fertilization
\n
Meiosis Male & Female Diagrams
| Male | Female |
|---|---|
 |  |
The genetics of the cells produced by meiosis:
^^unique and haploid^^
\n
How random fertilization produces a completely unique zygote________:
^^because the sperm and egg contain a completely unique, haploid set of chromosomes when they combine they produce a zygote with a unique, never before seen set of DNA^^
Stages of Mitosis: ==P==@@M@@A%%T%%
- ==P = Prophase (take a __P__icture of the chromosomes)==
- @@M = Metaphase (chromosomes are in the __M__iddle)@@
- A = Anaphase (chromosomes come __A__part)
- %%T = Telophase (begin to get __T__wo cells)%%
U 5: Genetics
Note: This was a very short unit in my school and the terms below are the key concepts.
Important Terms:
- Phenotype: the physical expression of a trait
- Genotype: genetic code for a trait – made up of 2 alleles – one from mom, one from dad
- Dominant allele: expressed when 1 copy is present
- Recessive allele: only expressed when 2 copies are present
- Homozygous: genotype with 2 of the same allele
- Heterozygous: genotype with 2 different alleles