COMM 260 EXAM 2
Photography and Composition
Ambient lighting: The natural, available light in a scene, not controlled by the photographer. It can be natural light from the sun or artificial light from various sources.
Golden hour: The period shortly after sunrise or before sunset, characterized by a soft, warm, diffused light that is ideal for photography.
Backlighting: Light source comes from behind the subject, often creating a silhouette or a glowing outline effect.
Overexposure: Occurs when too much light hits the camera's sensor, resulting in an image that is too bright or washed out, losing detail in the highlights.
Foreground: The part of a scene or picture that is nearest to the viewer, often used to add depth and context to the main subject.
Leading lines: Lines within a photograph that draw the viewer's eye towards a specific point of interest, creating a sense of depth and direction.
Focal point: The main subject or area of interest in a photograph that the viewer's eye is drawn to.
Composition: The arrangement of elements within a photograph to create a visually appealing image, guiding the viewer's eye and conveying a message.
Symmetry: A compositional technique where elements on one side of an image are mirrored or balanced by elements on the other side, creating a sense of harmony and order.
Balance: The visual distribution of elements within a photograph. It can be symmetrical or asymmetrical, ensuring the image doesn't feel lopsided.
Rule of odds: A compositional guideline suggesting that an odd number of subjects (e.g., three, five) in an image is more visually appealing and natural than an even number.
Shot from a low angle: Photographing a subject from below eye level, often making the subject appear larger, more powerful, or imposing.
Rule of thirds: A compositional guideline that places subjects or points of interest along imaginary lines that divide the image into nine equal parts, or at their intersections, creating a more dynamic and engaging composition.
Fill a frame: A compositional technique where the subject occupies most or all of the frame, minimizing background distractions and emphasizing detail.
Framed within a frame: Using natural elements within a scene (like doorways, windows, or branches) to create a 'frame' around the main subject, drawing attention to it.
Centered composition: Placing the main subject directly in the center of the frame, often used to create a strong, stable, or direct feel.
Panorama: A wide-angle view or representation of a physical space, often created by stitching together multiple photographs.
Sports Fandom and History
Why people watch sports:
Drama: Unpredictable outcomes, intense competition, and emotional moments.
Escape: A distraction from daily life and worries.
Achievement: Witnessing peak human performance and celebrating victories.
Knowledge: Understanding strategies, player statistics, and game intricacies.
Social Connection: Bonding with others over a shared interest.
Identity: Connecting with a team or sport as part of one's personal identity.
Types of fans:
Social fan: Watches sports primarily for social interaction with friends or family.
Focused fan: Watches sports intently, focusing on the game's details and strategies.
Fair weathered fan: Supports a team only when they are winning or successful.
Social sports addicts: Highly engaged with sports, often integrating it significantly into their social life and identity.
Avid fan: Deeply committed to a team or sport, showing consistent support.
Dwelling devotee: Intense emotional attachment to a team, often reliving past glories and identifying deeply with its history.
Virtual world aficionado: Engages with sports through fantasy leagues, video games, or online communities.
Fandom: The state of being a fan; a feeling of strong enthusiasm and devotion towards a particular highly-regarded person, group, or object.
1972 Munich Massacre: A terrorist attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September. They took eleven Israeli Olympic team members hostage and eventually killed them along with a West German police officer.
World's most popular sport: Soccer (football).
Sports Management and Notable Figures
Types of jobs (often in sports):
Hybrid: Roles that combine aspects of different job functions, requiring a diverse skill set (e.g., marketing and data analysis).
Production: Roles directly involved in creating or delivering the main product or service (e.g., event management, content creation).
Visibility: Roles focused on promoting and increasing the public profile of an athlete, team, or organization (e.g., public relations, social media management).
Rudy Galindo: American figure skater, known for winning the 1996 U.S. national championship and his flamboyant style.
Tommy Smith: American track and field athlete, famous for his Black Power salute with John Carlos at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics.
Pat Tillman: American football player who left his NFL career to enlist in the U.S. Army after the September 11 attacks, killed in Afghanistan by friendly fire.
Shawn Green: American former professional baseball player, known for his time with the Toronto Blue Jays and Los Angeles Dodgers.
Bill Russell: American basketball legend, considered one of the greatest players in NBA history, known for his defensive prowess and 11 championships with the Boston Celtics.
Martina Navratilova: Czech-American former professional tennis player and coach, considered one of the greatest female tennis players of all time.
Magic Johnson: American former professional basketball player, widely regarded as one of the greatest point guards of all time, famous for his career with the Los Angeles Lakers.
Joe Louis: American professional boxer, reigned as the world heavyweight champion from 1937 to 1949, one of the first African Americans to achieve national hero status.
Muhammad Ali: American professional boxer and activist, widely regarded as the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time and a countercultural icon.
Jesse Owens: American track and field athlete who won four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, defying Hitler's propaganda of Aryan supremacy.
Wilma Rudolph: American track and field sprinter, became the first American woman to win three gold medals in track and field at a single Olympic Games (1960).
John Carlos: American track and field athlete, known for his Black Power salute with Tommie Smith at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics.
Gabby Douglas: American artistic gymnast, the first woman of color to win the Olympic all-around title (2012) and the first female gymnast from the U.S. to win two consecutive Olympic team gold medals.
Arthur Ashe: American professional tennis player, the first black player to win men's singles at Wimbledon, the US Open, and the Australian Open.
Nadia Comaneci: Romanian gymnast, the first gymnast to be awarded a perfect score of at the Olympic Games (1976).
Theories
Social identity theory: A theory in social psychology that states a person's sense of who they are is based on their group membership(s). Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world.
Social cognitive theory: A learning theory developed by Albert Bandura that emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. It involves attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
Affective disposition theory: Explores how people emotionally respond to media characters based on their moral judgments; viewers develop dispositions (liking or disliking) towards characters, which influences their enjoyment of story outcomes.
Symbolic interactionalism: A sociological perspective that examines how individuals interact with each other through the use of shared meanings, or symbols. It emphasizes the subjective meanings people attach to their actions and to objects, events, and other people.
Game theory: A theoretical framework for conceiving social situations among competing players. It's the study of mathematical models of strategic interaction between rational decision-makers.
Supply demand theory: An economic model of price determination in a market. It posits that, in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good, or other traded item such as labor or liquid financial assets, will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded (at the current price) will equal the quantity supplied (at the current price), resulting in an economic equilibrium for price and quantity.