History and Culture: Tourism Level 4 Syllabus Notes

Chapter 1: National Symbols of Suriname

  • The Surinamese Flag     * Description: The flag consists of four colors: green, white, red, and yellow, distributed across six sections. The sequence is: green bar, white bar, red bar, white bar, and green bar. A yellow star is positioned on the red bar. The red bar is the widest, while the white bars are the narrowest.     * Meaning of Colors:         * Green: Represents Suriname as a fertile land with many possibilities.         * White: Symbolizes that Surinamers are free people.         * Red: Indicates the need for changes and progress (progressiveness) within the country.         * Yellow Star: Represents the goal for Surinamers to live together and become one people. It signifies the effort required to reach a golden future.     * Designer: Jack Pinas designed the current flag.

  • The National Anthem     * History: The text was officially established in 1959 by the States of Suriname (the parliament at the time). It consists of two verses: one in Dutch and one in Sranan.     * First Verse (Dutch): Written by Lutheran minister ds. Cornelis Atses Hoekstra. The melody was composed in 1876 by Johannes Corstianus de Puy (1835–1924).     * Second Verse (Sranan): Written by the poet Trefossa (pseudonym for Henny de Ziel). Trefossa modified some of the first verse's text because he found it too negative.     * Rejected Version: De Ziel initially chose the composition 'Welkom' by Johannes Nicolaas Helstone (1853–1927), but the States rejected it.     * Verbatim Lyrics (1st Verse):         * God zij met ons Suriname         * Hij verheft ons heerlijk land         * Hoe wij hier ook samenkwamen         * Aan zijn grond zijn wij verpand         * Werkend houden w'in gedachten         * Recht en waarheid maken vrij         * Al wat goed is te betrachten         * Dat geeft aan ons land waardij     * Verbatim Lyrics (2nd Verse):         * Opo kondre man oen opo!         * Sranan gron e kari oen.         * Wans ope tata komopo         * wi moe seti kondre boen.         * Stré de f'stré, wi no sa frede.         * Gado de wi fesiman.         * Heri libi te na dede         * wi sa feti gi Sranan.

  • The Coat of Arms     * Indigenous Figures: Two Indigenous people (Inheemsen) act as shield bearers, signifying they were the first inhabitants of the land.     * The Ship: Symbolizes the arrival of ancestors from Africa, Asia, and Europe across the ocean, as well as trade.     * The Royal Palm (Koningspalm): Represents the growth, prosperity, and future of the country in the present.     * The Star: Symbolizes work toward the future, hope, and the maintenance of peace.     * The Diamond (Ruit): Represents the country's mineral resources and wealth.     * Motto: "Justitia, Pietas, Fides" (Justice, Love, Loyalty/Faith).         * Justitia: Surinamers must be fair and honest.         * Pietas: They must love and respect one another.         * Fides: They must be loyal and keep their word.

Chapter 2: Indigenous People (Inheemsen)

  • Terminology and Descent     * Definition: "Inheemsen" literally means "original."     * The Name "Indianen": Originated from Christopher Columbus, who mistakenly believed he arrived in India on October 12, 1492. In 1992 (500 years later), the groups requested to be called "Inheemsen" to reflect their status as the original first inhabitants of America.     * Lifestyle Development:         * Nomads: Primitive hunters and collectors who had no permanent residence.         * Sedentary: Having a fixed place of residence. Groups became sedentary once they discovered agriculture.

  • Theories on the Arrival in America     * Florentino Ameghino (Argentine Anthropologist): Claimed the first humans originated in the Pampas of Argentina and spread globally. His claim was based on fossils of a "Pre-historic man," though this theory is often attributed to chauvinism.     * Herdlicka (Czech Anthropologist): Argues the first inhabitants (Amerindios) came from Asia. They crossed the Bering Strait during an Ice Age reaching Alaska. He noted anthropological similarities to the Mongolian race.     * Paul Rivet (French Anthropologist): Agreed with Herdlicka but proposed three waves of migration:         1. From Australia across the Pacific to South America.         2. From Melanesia and Polynesia across the Pacific to Central and South America.         3. From Mongolia across the Bering Strait to Alaska, spreading throughout America.     * General Scientific Consensus: Humans reached America from Asia approximately 30.00030.000 years ago during the Paleolithic era via the frozen Bering Strait.

  • Highly Developed Indigenous Civilizations     * Aztecs: Located in Mexico. Their empire was destroyed by the Spanish conqueror Hernán Cortés.     * Mayas: Located in Central America (Yucatan, Guatemala, Honduras). Invented hieroglyphic writing, a perfect numbering system including the concept of "zero," a precise calendar, and paper production before Europeans. Their empire disappeared mysteriously.     * Incas: Located in the Andes (Colombia to Chile). They lacked writing but used "quipu," a system of knots and colored cords of varying thicknesses for tax control and accounting. Destroyed by Francisco Pizarro.

  • Indigenous Groups in Suriname     * Major Groups: Primarily Caribs and Arawaks.     * Origins of "Suriname": Potentially derived from the "Surinen," a small group encountered by Caribs.     * Territorial Conflicts: Caribs arrived later and fought the Arawaks for fertile land near rivers and creeks. Caribs were generally stronger and displaced other tribes.     * Religion: A nature religion (animism) where spirits reside in all natural objects (trees, mountains, rivers). Illness was blamed on evil spirits.     * Piaiman (or Shaman): The medicine man and priest capable of healing.     * Geographical Division:         * Upperland (Bovenlandse): Trio's, Wayana's, and Akoeriyo's.         * Lowerland (Benedenlandse): Caribs and Arawaks.     * Language Groups: Carib-speaking (Trio, Wayana, Akoeriyo, Caribs) and Arawak-speaking (Arawaks).

  • Conflicts and Extermination     * Reasons for Extermination:         1. Unequal warfare against Europeans.         2. Hard, unhealthy labor forced upon them.         3. European diseases (e.g., smallpox).         4. Inter-tribal warfare (Caribs vs. Arawaks).     * Resistance: Indigenous groups fought invaders like Lord Francis Willoughby (1650) and the Dutch (Abraham Crijnssen, 1667).     * Red-Black Alliance (Rood-Zwart Verbond): Cooperation between Indigenous groups (under leaders Kaikoesie and Priary) and escaped slaves/Maroons (under Ganimet) to fight the Dutch.     * Konkordari (1686): Governor Van Sommelsdijck signed peace treaties with Caribs and Warraus, recognizing them as free people.

Chapter 3: Slavery (Slavernij)

  • Terminology     * Slaafgemaakte (Enslaverized): Historians prefer this term because individuals were not born slaves but forced into the condition.     * Characteristics: Limitation of personal freedom, no choice in labor, products of labor stolen by the master, mental and physical oppression, and lack of legal rights compared to other citizens.

  • Forms of Slavery     1. Full Slavery: The person is the property of a master.     2. Serfdom (Lijfeigenschap): Hereditary dependence on a lord (common in medieval Europe).     3. Contract Labor: Illiterate laborers signed contracts to work for low wages for a set number of years.

  • Development of the Atlantic Slave Trade     * Plantage-Economy: Introduced by Europeans to meet demand for cocoa, sugar, coffee, and cotton.     * Transition from "Red Slaves": Enslaved Indigenous people were used first but replaced by Africans starting in 1502 due to Indigenous deaths and escapes.     * Monopolies: Trade was handled by companies like the WIC (West India Company) and VOC (United East India Company).     * The Ham Ideology (Cham-Theorie): A biblical justification used by planters and preachers to defend slavery, based on the story of Noah and his son Ham.     * Triangle Trade: Europe (manufactured goods) → Africa (captives) → America (raw materials) → Europe.     * St. George d'Elmina: A famous Dutch factory (trading post) on the West African coast (modern-day Ghana).

  • The Social Ladder in Suriname     * 17th/Early 18th Century:         * Top Layer: White planters, high officials, merchants, ship captains, and wealthy Jews (who had special privileges since 1664).         * Middle Class: Less wealthy whites (clerks, sailors, soldiers).         * Bottom Layer: Enslaved people (largest group, no rights).     * Changes After 1775:         * The top layer became mostly male due to absenteeism (owners living in Europe).         * Growth of a "Colored Free" (gekleurde vrijen) group in the middle class.         * Privileged enslaved roles appeared: craft slaves (carpenter, smith), "dresnegers" (medicinal men), "loekoeman," midwives, and mistresses (bijzit).

  • Methods of Obtaining Freedom     * Children of a white father and an enslaved mother were sometimes freed by the father.     * Self-purchase (Manumission letter).     * Military service (joining the army to fight Maroons).     * As of 1832, freed persons were required to join a recognized church.

  • Resistance and Survival     * Sabotage: Arson, undermining polders, polluting sugar, breaking tools, feigning illness (active and passive resistance).     * Maroonage: Escaping to the forest to form independent communities.     * Hosselen: Derived from the English "to hustle." Enslaved people engaged in informal economic activities to survive because masters often failed to provide the mandatory food rations (e.g., bananas, codfish, tobacco, salt).

Chapter 4: Immigration (Contract Labor)

  • Basic Concepts     * Immigration: Foreigners coming to live and work.     * Emigration: Leaving one's homeland to live abroad.     * Remigration: Returning to the homeland.     * Transmigration: Internal migration (e.g., forced relocation for the Afobaka dam).     * Urbanization: Moving from rural districts to the city.

  • Chronology of Groups     1. Jews (1664): Settled in Jodensavanne during Willoughby's time.     2. Dutch Farmers (Boeroes, 1845): Led by Brandhof, Bettinck, and Copijn. Settled in Groningen (Voorzorg) and Kwattaweg.     3. Chinese (1853): 18 laborers from Java for the Catharina Sophia plantation. Migration ceased due to port closures in Hong Kong/Macao and Chinese government bans.     4. Madeiran Portuguese: Arrived by accident via the Suriname River in 1853 and stayed.     5. British Indians (Hindostanen, 1873): Following the 1870 Treaty with England. Arrived on the 'Lalla Rookh' on June 5, 1873.     6. Javanese (1890): Arrived on the 'ss Willem II' on August 9, 1890, for the Mariënburg plantation.

  • Contract Conditions for British Indians and Javanese     * Duration: 5 years, 6 days a week.     * Work Hours: 7 hours (field), 10 hours (factory).     * Wages: 60 cents/day for men, 40 cents/day for women.     * Poenale Sanctie: A penal sanction allowing for punishment in case of work neglect or breach of contract. Abolished in 1930.     * Koeli Pappa: The Agent-General responsible for protecting immigrant rights.

Chapter 5: Plantation History

  • Early Settlement Attempts     * Captain Marshall (1630) and D'Noailly (1640) failed because Indigenous enslaved people escaped and frequently attacked the plantations.     * Lord Francis Willoughby (1650): Successfully established the colony using his own enslaved people from Barbados. The first capital was Torarica ("place where whites live").     * Paramaribo: Named after the Indigenous village "Parmurbo" (flower city) near the current Palmentuin.

  • Dutch Conquest     * Abraham Crijnssen: Conquered the colony from the English on February 27, 1667 (during the 2nd English War). Fort Willoughby was renamed Fort Zeelandia.     * The Geoctroyeerde Sociëteit: A partnership created to rebuild the ruined colony, consisting of:         1. WIC: Provided enslaved labor.         2. City of Amsterdam: Provided financing.         3. Van Sommelsdijck Family: Provided governance.     * Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck: First governor (1683–1688).

  • Types of Colonies     * Exploitation Colonies: Settlers came only to get rich quickly and return home.     * Settlement Colonies: Settlers intended to stay permanently and build the country.     * Plantocracy (Plantocratie): A system where power is concentrated in the hands of the planter class (Suriname was such until 1865).

Chapter 6: Cultural Heritage

  • UNESCO World Heritage     * Definition: Cultural heritage includes monuments, buildings, and sites with "outstanding universal value."     * UNESCO Convention (1972): A binding agreement to map and protect heritage.     * Suriname’s World Heritage Sites:         1. Central Suriname Nature Reserve (CSNR): 1.6 million hectares of primary tropical forest.         2. Historic Inner City of Paramaribo: Recognized for its unique wooden architecture.

  • National Monument Care     * Historical Works: Architectuur in Suriname 1667–1930 (Tjin A Djie) and Bouwkunst in Suriname (Volders).     * Key Institutions:         * Stichting Gebouwd Erfgoed Suriname (SGES, 1997).         * Stichting Monumentenzorg Suriname (1967).     * Legislation: Monument Act 2002 allows the Minister of Education to designate properties as monuments.     * Threats: Heritage zones face constant pressure from neglect, arson, and replacement by modern construction.

  • Significant Monuments Outside Paramaribo:     * Fredriksdorp (Commewijne).     * Fort Nieuw Amsterdam.     * Jodensavanne and the Cassipora cemetery.

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