Communication on Various Purposes

Lexical and Non-Lexical components of communication

Lexical = Verbal Non-lexical = Non-verbal

  1. Lexical or Verbal refers to words or chains of words one uses to create meanings.

    • Words
    • Parts of words - prefix & suffix (can change time aspects and meaning of root words)
    • Collocations
    • Phrases
    • Idioms
    • Sentences/ Sentence frames

  2. Lexical or Non-verbal is the delivery of message without the use of words

    A. Body Language

    • Gestures - emphasize meaning of the message that you are trying to deliver.
    • Facial Expressions - intensity, de-intensify, mask, neutralize
    • Eye contact - builds connection with the audience
    • Body stance - having a proper body stance po indicates confidence of the speaker and it also attracts listeners.

Proxemics - use of space when one communicates

  • intimate
  • personal
  • social
  • public

Paralanguage - use of voice

  • voice characteristics - unconscious mannerisms like yawning, sighing
  • voice qualifiers - tempo, speed, pitch, intonation of your voice
  • voice segregates - vocal feedbacks like yes and yeah. It reveals the speaker’s mood.

LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION

  1. Intrapersonal
  2. Interpersonal - dyadic, small group, public speaking
  3. Mass communication
    • Old media - books, newspapers, magazines, other forms of printed media, radio, television, film
    • New media - computer and technology

COMMUNICATION ON VARIOUS PURPOSES

What is communication?
The imparting or exchange of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium that enables the successful transmission or sharing of ideas and feelings.
Communication for Various Purposes
According to Pangan, 2019: "Communication differs depending on the intention of the sender, the message's goal, and how it is written."

EXAMPLES:
• For instance, a sales agent makes sure that the manner in which a product is advertised appeals to the buyers in a mall or supermarket.
• A news anchor carefully conveys information, making sure that all pertinent details are provided in order to prevent audience confusion and misunderstanding.
• On the other hand, a lawyer must craft arguments that are supported by evidence in order to persuade the judge.\

Informative Communication
Generally, focuses on talking about people, events, processes, places, or things. However, informing an audience about one of these subjects without being persuasive.

Persuasive Communication
Is the art of gaining fair and favorable consideration for our point of view.

Argumentative Communication
Largely depends on logic and argument. Aristotle considered pathos, ethos, and logos as the three main types of proof.

Methods of Paragraph Development

Developing paragraphs using a variety of structures that represent your understanding of the subject. Definition - An expression of the rationale or the explanation that the writer gives for how the reader should interpret the information presented in the idea statement or topic sentence of the paragraph. The writer explains his/her thinking about the main topic, idea, or focus of the paragraph.

The topic is developed by defining a term connected to the topic.
3 parts
1.) Term - the word to be defined
2.) Genus - where the term belongs and classified as
3.) Differentia/ Differentiation - Includes the information revolving on the term being defined.

EXAMPLE
A car is an automobile with four wheels and an engine that carries passengers on roads to their destination

EXAMPLE IN PARAGRAPH
A racist can be defined as a prejudiced person who discriminates because of another individual’s outer appearance or race. Racism can all start as a child being raised with negative thoughts or can be brought upon by personal reasons. For example, growing up in a racist family will give adolescent awful thoughts about a race without even experiencing how they really feel firsthand.

  1. Comparison and Contrast
    Comparing and contrasting are ways of looking at things to determine their similarities and differences. Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar, while contrast in writing discusses elements that are different.
  2. Narration
    According to Oxford Languages, narration is the action or process of narrating a story. It generally means any kind of explaining or telling of something, usually in some kind of chronological order.
    EXAMPLE
    An excerpt from Putting Down the Gun by Rebecca Walker:
    “After eating a big bowl of his favorite pasta, he sat on a sofa in my study and read his science textbook as I wrote at my desk. We both enjoyed this simple yet profound togetherness, the two of us focused on our own projects yet palpably connected. As we worked under the soft glow of paper lanterns, with the heat on high and our little dog snoring at his feet, my son began to relax. I could feel a shift as he began to remember, deep in his body, that he was home, that he was safe, that he did not have to brace to protect himself from the expectations of the outside world.”
  3. Cause and Effect
    Cause and effect is an analytical mode of paragraph development that attempts to show how events are influenced by or caused by others-the linkage of causation.

EXAMPLE
You failed the midterm exam because you didn't review
You didn't review for the exam, as a result, you fail

ESSAY

A short piece of writing that describe, clarify, argue, or analyze a particular subject.
Elements of Essay
• Literary Criticism
• Observations
• Reflections

Parts of Essay
• Introduction
• Body
• Conclusion

Types of Essays
• Descriptive
• Expository
• Narrative
• Argumentative

OPINION ESSAY

According to the University of Cape Town (2021), an opinion essay is a formal piece of writing which requires an opinion on a topic that should be stated clearly. Throughout the essay, various arguments/reasons/viewpoints on the topic will be given and these will be supported by evidence or examples.

HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN OPINION ESSAY?

  1. INTRODUCTION
    Start with a good hook and deliver your opinion.
    • Ask a rhetorical question
    • Use statistics
    • Use an anecdote
  2. BODY
    • Use facts to explain your opinion
  3. CONCLUSION
    • MAKE YOUR POINT

EXAMPLE

Do you think that technological advancement has brought more harm than good? The twentieth century has seen a vast development in the field of science and technology. This improvement in technology has also raised the standard of living of the people. But it has caused a lot of trouble to the environment. We need to understand its advantages and disadvantages to decide whether it has benefited society. On one side, we can say that technology has become more beneficial to society, by facilitating easy communication. It has also improved the economic condition and transport facilities. Organizations have gone online. People are also benefited through recent technologies like smartphones, laptops, and also other electronic appliances. There are applications on smartphones such as “WhatsApp'' which have replaced emails. We are able to get a lot of information at the click of a button. On the other hand, technology has certain drawbacks as well. Social connect has become less. There is software that is used to hack the data and there is no privacy for an individual. In a recent study, it is found that the students are neglecting their studies and end up getting poor grades due to recent technologies. To conclude, we can say that there are more problems due to technological advancements than benefits.

RECALL
• There are 3 purposes of communication: Informative, Persuasive and Argumentative
• There are 4 methods of paragraph development: Definition, Comparison and Contrast, Narration and Cause & Effect
• Essay is a short piece of writing that describe, clarify, argue, or analyze a particular subject
• An opinion essay is a formal piece of writing which requires an opinion on a topic that should be stated clearly.