Consequences of Industrialization - Detailed Study Notes

CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

UNIT 6

KARL MARX AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

  • Question: Which of the following statements could NOT be attributed to the political philosophy of Karl Marx?

    • A: Earlier socialist theories based on utopian schemes were silly and unrealistic.

    • B: In the aftermath of the victory of the proletariat, the state would emerge permanently as a powerful dictatorship.

    • C: History was shaped by the available means of production and who controlled them.

    • D: Revolution of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie was inevitable.

SOCIAL QUESTIONS AND REFORMS (19TH CENTURY)

  • The social questions and demands for reform in the 19th century resulted in:

    • A: The expansion of and increasing intervention by governments in society.

    • B: Increasing radicalization of a majority of workers and peasants.

    • C: Numerous violent socialist revolutions.

    • D: The decrease in support for socialism, either Marxist or revisionist.

POPULATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE

  • The population upheaval and the emergence of a property-less class working for wages led to:

    • A: An increase in the authority of male heads of households.

    • B: A general acceptance of authority, both domestic or political.

    • C: A decline in the percentage of illegitimate births.

    • D: The adoption of more urban styles of dress.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION (SAQ) PRACTICE

  • Task:

    • Explain one difference in how wealthy and poor people might have been affected by mass production.

    • Explain one way in which the Industrial Revolution represented both a continuity and a change.

RATIONALES FOR IMPERIALISM (1750-1900)

Learning Objectives 6.1:

  • To explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.

    • Cultural Ideologies: Social Darwinism, nationalism, civilizing mission, and religious conversion of indigenous populations justified imperialism.

Essential Question

  • How did ideological, economic, and environmental forces drive imperialism and state expansion, and reshape migration patterns, societies, and labor systems between 1750 and 1900?

BIBLICAL PRINCIPLES

  • Imago Dei: God’s image is imprinted on all humanity (Genesis 1:26-27). All people should be treated with dignity and respect.

  • Divine Purposes: Human history serves divine purposes; events fulfill God's plans (Acts 2:23, Romans 8:28, Genesis 50:20).

PREDICTION PRACTICE

  • Task: Give two reasons why Europeans wanted to colonize other lands between 1750 and 1900.

A SECOND WAVE OF EUROPEAN CONQUESTS (1750-1900)

  • Characteristics:

    • Focused on Africa and Asia.

    • Countries involved included Germany, Italy, Belgium, United States, and Japan.

    • No massive destruction was inflicted on indigenous populations; informal control preferred by Europeans.

Comparison of Waves of Colonization

  • First Wave (1500s-1600s):

    • Focused on the Western Hemisphere.

    • Contributed to the devastation of indigenous populations and preferred direct colonial rule.

MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM

Political Motives

  • Gain power.

  • Compete with other European nations.

  • Expand territory.

  • Exercise military force.

  • Gain prestige; boost national pride and security.

Economic Motives

  • Make profits.

  • Expand or control foreign trade.

  • Create new markets.

  • Acquire raw materials.

  • Compete for resources and export technology.

Religious Motives

  • Spread Christianity.

  • Protect European missionaries.

  • Spread European values and moral beliefs.

  • Provide education and end the slave trade.

Exploratory Motives

  • Conduct medical research.

  • Pursue adventure.

  • Explore the unknown.

Ideological Motives

  • Social Darwinism: belief in the superiority of the white race and the duty to civilize "primitive" cultures.

  • Concept of the “White Man’s Burden.”

ETHICAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

  • The impact of imperialism on indigenous societies and the ethical considerations surrounding the justification of imperialism based on racial theories.

EXAMPLES FROM THE IMPERIALIST ERA

  • Visual Representations: Depictions of imperialist activities such as diamond mining, missionary schools, and territorial takeovers.

    • Photographs and illustrations:

      • Methodism in colonial contexts.

      • British cartoons and advertisements illustrating the period's attitudes.

TYPES OF COLONIES

  • Tropical Dependencies: Europeans ruled indigenous populations. (e.g. Africa, Asia)

  • Settler Colonies: Dominantly European populations. (e.g. Australia, Canada, New Zealand)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION (SAQ) PRACTICE

  • Task:

    • Explain the difference between a tropical dependency and a settler colony.

    • Explain one reason, besides religious conversion, that missionaries believed they were helping colonized lands.

CONTEXTUALIZING RACIAL POLICIES

Race Relations in British Colonies

  • British clubs in India exemplified the social barriers created by colonial attitudes, emphasizing the racial segregation of indigenous peoples.

STATE EXPANSION FROM 1750-1900

Learning Objectives 6.2:

  • Review processes by which state power shifted in various global regions during the specified period.

    • Some colonial powers expanded directly into territories formerly held by non-state entities, while others used diplomatic means or military action for expansion.

IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA

Limited Exposure

  • Most contact occurred at coastal trading posts initially.

Suez Canal

  • Construction Details:

    • Built by French using coerced labor (corvée).

    • British seized control of the canal in 1882.

Scramble for Africa

  • Berlin Conference (1885): European nations convened to divide Africa without including African leaders.

  • By 1914, Europeans controlled 90% of Africa (Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent).

IMPERIALISM IN ASIA

Economic Motives

  • Details on British control over India, including the role of the British East India Company and the impact on local economies and social structures.

Spheres of Influence in China

  • European nations vied for trade control, enacting unequal treaties that favored Western powers.

ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM

Learning Objectives 6.5:

  • Explain how economic factors shaped imperialism between 1750 and 1900.

  • Focus on disparities that favored industrialized nations in global trade.

Examples of Economic Imperialism

  • Hawaii: Economic interests led to the overthrow of the monarchy and eventual annexation.

  • India: Dominance in textile trade and exploitation of native artisans and laborers.

SIGNIFICANT MIGRATION PATTERNS

Learning Objectives 6.6:

  • Discuss how migration patterns shifted due to imperialism and industrialization between 1750 and 1900.

  • Focus on coerced versus voluntary migration, examining causes that included economic factors, political situations, and environmental changes.

Effects of Migration

  • Centered around creating ethnic enclaves, changing roles of women, and impacts on both home and host societies.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

  • Examination of how the developments of capitalism, industrialization, and imperialism changed global dynamics, creating interdependencies that reshaped societies worldwide.

  • Highlight racial and ethical implications stemming from colonial practices, continuing to impact post-colonial societies to this day.

BIBLICAL PRINCIPLES

  • Reinforcement of the inherent dignity of every person and the divine purposes woven through human history as seen across various chapters of Scripture.