Psychological Disorders

Detailed Notes on Psychological Disorders

Introduction

  • University: Universitas Gadjah Mada

  • Faculty: Faculty of Psychology

  • Focus: Psychological Disorders in General Psychology

Mental Health Concept

  • Definition: A state of wellbeing where individuals=

    1. recognize their potential

    2. able to face everyday pressures

    3. productive

    4. contribute to the community

Understanding Psychological Disorders

  • Definition: Psychological disorders are dysfunctions that lead to distress, atypical responses, or behaviors that are culturally unexpected.

Historical Perspectives on Psychopathology

  • Hippocrates (c. 460–377 BCE): Identified disorders such as mania, melancholia, and phrenitis; linked to bodily fluids (humors).

  • Demonic Curse: Considered as a curse because of sin during medieval times.

  • Medical Model (19th & 20th centuries): A shift towards seeing psychopathology as a disease.

Treatment Approaches Through History

  • Common Treatments: Methods included exorcisms, bloodletting, and institutionalization.

  • Key Figures:

    • Philippe Pinel (1793): Advocated humane treatment for the mentally ill at Bicetre Hospital.

    • Dorothea Dix: Worked towards improved care for the mentally ill in the US.

    • Rosenhan's Study: Analyzed treatment and perceptions of psychiatric patients.

The Field of Psychopathology

  • Definition: The scientific study of psychological disorders.

  • Professionals Involved: Includes clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, marriage therapists, and mental health counselors.

Criteria for Abnormal Behavior

  • Deviation from Norms: Behaviors that go against cultural norms.

  • Maladaptivity: Behaviors that hinder daily functioning (e.g., fear of leaving home).

  • Self-Destructiveness: Leads to distress for the individual or threatens others.

  • Social Discomfort: Causes concern among peers and impacts social relationships.

Complexity of Psychological Disorders

  • Disorders are influenced by various factors and can be dynamic; individual responses to the same stressors can differ.

  • Not only caused by daily stressors but also by a combination of factors.

Diathesis-Stress Model

  • Concept: Combination of genetic predisposition and environmental stressors leading to psychological disorders.

  • Components: Includes genetic diathesis, early life adversity, psychobiological dysfunction, and stressful life events.

  • Diathesis-Stress Dynamics: Greater genetic diathesis means less environmental stress needed to trigger a disorder; factors like childhood trauma increase risk.

Contributions to Psychopathology

  • Bio-Psycho-Socio-Cultural Model: Integrates biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors influencing mental health.

Biological Contributions

  • Genetics: Normal human cells have 46 chromosomes; abnormalities can result in disorders (example: Down Syndrome).

Neuroscience and Behavior

  • Explores the relationship between the nervous system, emotions, and cognition; composed of 140 billion neurons.

  • Role of Neurotransmitters: Chemicals in the brain regulate impulses and behaviors.

Neurotransmitters and Disorders

  • Significant neurochemicals include norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and GABA.

  • Example: Low GABA levels correlate with anxiety; increased dopamine levels are linked to schizophrenia.

Emotion and Psychological Disorders

  • Definition: Impact of emotions caused by events and physiological responses, potentially leading to psychological disorders.

  • Basic Emotions: Fear, anger, sadness, and excitement contribute to psychological disorders.

Mood Disorders

  • Distinction between mood (prolonged emotional state) and emotion; mood affects cognitive processing, contributing to disorders such as depression and anxiety.

Anxiolytic Disorders

  • Example: Possession as a disorder in Western cultures, but culturally acceptable in others, highlighting sociocultural differences in disorder recognition.

Social and Cultural Contributions

  • Influences such as war, violence, deviance, economic instability, and technological changes impact the prevalence and recognition of disorders.

Cultural Syndromes

  • Lists of cultural syndromes with definitions and locations (e.g., Ataque de nervios, Dhat syndrome).

Discussion Points

  1. Can abnormal behavior in one society be considered normal in another?

  2. The importance of cultural variability in the definitions of health and illness.

DSM-5 Overview

  • Current Edition: Defines psychological disorders via observable symptoms and diagnostic criteria.

  • Structure: Includes instructions for use, diagnostic criteria grouped by disorder categories, and guides for future research.

Nature of Psychological Disorders

  • Disorders exist on a spectrum; symptoms can manifest without meeting full diagnostic criteria.

Clinical Assessment

  • Definition: Systematic evaluation of psychological, biological, and social factors relevant for diagnosis.

Psychological Assessment Methods

  • Clinical Interview: Utilizes structured questions for information gathering.

  • Psychological Tests: Assess stable traits (e.g., IQ tests or personality assessments like MMPI).

Neuropsychological Assessment

  • Focuses on identifying neurological damage using tests such as Halstead-Reitan Battery.

Behavioral Assessment

  • Examines behavior within contexts using various methods, including observation and rating scales.

Cognitive Assessment

  • Evaluates distorted thought patterns through tools like thought diaries or questionnaires.

Physiological Function Assessment

  • Uses measurement techniques (e.g., EEG, MRI) to assess physiological functions such as heart rate.

Diagnosis System

  • Main System: The DSM-5 categorizes behaviors considered abnormalities, developed by the APA.

DSM-5 Disorder Categories

  • Examines categories including neurodevelopmental, mood, anxiety, personality, and trauma-related disorders.

ICD-10 Overview

  • ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases by WHO, covering all health conditions.

PPDGJ III Overview

  • PPDGJ III: Indonesian guide informed by ICD-10 for diagnosing mental disorders.

Brief Overview of Disorders

  • Summary of categories of psychological disorders and their critical characteristics.

Emotional State Examples

  • Illustration of how anxious individuals interpret ambiguous situations.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

  • Detailed example highlighting symptoms of OCD through conditioning mechanisms.

Mood Disorder Examples

  • Graph displaying mood variability in Bipolar Disorder and Depression over time.

Psychoses and Thought Disturbances

  • Key symptoms and types associated with schizophrenia and dissociative disorders.

Delusions and Associated Beliefs

  • Overview of common types of delusions including persecutory, referential, grandiose, among others.

Biological and Environmental Interaction

  • Examines how genetics and family environment correlate with schizophrenia risk.

Personality Disorders Defined

  • Definition: Characterized by maladaptive behaviors affecting interpersonal relations.

Personality Disorders Characteristics

  • Cluster A: Odd/eccentric behaviors (e.g., Paranoid, Schizoid).

  • Cluster B: Dramatic/emotional behaviors (e.g., Histrionic).

  • Cluster C: Anxious/fearful behaviors (e.g., Avoidant).

Childhood Psychological Disorders

  • Key disorders include Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Conclusion

  • Acknowledgement of the complexity surrounding psychological disorders and their treatment methodologies.

Thank You

  • Appreciation for the audience's attention.