HNSG 210

HNSG 210


What is Anatomy?


The study of structure


Gross anatomy- what you can see with naked eye


Subdivisions:

Gross or macroscopic (e.g regional, systemic, suraface anatomy)



Physiology

Study of the function of the body


Physiology systems depend on each other

Interconnected



Form fits function



Increase in complexity: structural organization

Biological macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Cells


Cell is smallest unit of life, living things, all cells live and work together


If our cells die, you die

Humans are multi cell organisms


Over 200 cell types in human body

Cells for tissues

4 major tissues: Connective muscle ephilthelal nervous tissue

Forming an organ, 2 or more tissues coming together


Heart is an organ - cardiac muscle tissue


Blood vessel & capillary are organs


Biology is study of life, so what is life?

First characteristics of life: maintaining boundaries 

Cell membrane separates internal and external conditions 


2.Movement: across boundary. Distribute


  1. Responsiveness: Homeostasis. ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite changes external conditions

  2. Digestion/metabolism: breaking down macromolecules that are able to pass and move across boundary. Must be digestable… metabolism= energy conversion. Uses nutrients 

  3. Dispose of waste. If not disposing waste= cell dies & you die

  4. Reproduction/growth: cellular reproduction. Some cells don’t reproduce due to lack of capacity. Critical for you staying alive. Skin is regenerative. Growth cause of cellular reproduction

Why have I grown since a kid? Cellular reproduction due to growth

Slash = hand and hand, goes together




How to stay alive?


Cellular or organismal level


Nutrients- you need to eat, source of energy, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals


Aerobic cells: need oxygen to produce energy. Cellular respiration. ATP


Anaerobic: no oxygen


Nervous tissue requires oxygen, don’t reproduce. 


Phospholipids help us get water

Water is abundant element, makes up all humans

The basis of life

Must be in every chemical reaction

Body temp too high? Protein in our cells denature & fall apart


Enzyme- protein. Susceptible for increase in temp. critical


Body temp needs to be regulated not too high


Fever is apart of human system response to disease, important to immune system



Cold temps do not denature enzyme

Slow down enzymatic reactions

Cryotherapy


Hyperthermia


Even if you are cold and passed out you’re not dead, can be warmed up

You are never dead, till you are warm and dead


Atmosphere pressure

Gases are insoluble 

Gas needs to be put under pressure

Correct atmospheric pressure allows for transport

Change of pressure

Think of diving in an ocean



How to control homeostasis: feedback loops

Stimulus: causes a change(temp,etc)

Control center: nervous system brain

Effectors: organ affecting change ( organs or glands)


Negative feedback loop ( predominant )

Does not mean bad

Means NEGATING stimulus 

I.e: very hot outside, going out for a run, body overheats this could become bad

Brain says

Hmm time to sweat ( sweat keeps heat away, keeps us cool)

Stay hydrated


Opposite of this

Very cold outside

Thermo receptors

Body sends signal to brain

Signal to skeletal muscles time to shiver/goosebumps

Generates heat



Positive Feedback Loops

Dangerous


Negative= Good

Positive= dangerous

Stimulus throwing u out of homeostasis

I.e: pregnancy


Baby’s head presses against cervix

Not supposed to have pressure on cervix

Hormone: oxytocin

Will make uterus contract  continually till mom gives birth

Pressure increases:

Does not NEGATE, REINFORCES

One you can positive feedback loops, it cannot stop



Disturbance of homeostasis = risk of disease

If something fails= disease risk


Break down in homeostatic mechanisms common in old age

Homeostatic breakdown/imbalance


I.e: tragic accident lot of systems have been damaged

When neg feedback loop overwhelmed goes positive, = bodys last effort. Never good


Cardiovascular system is always first


i.e hyperthermia ppl starting to feel warm

Paradoxical undressing= taking off clothes thinking ur hot when ur freezing to death



Anatomical Position: need to know **

My right is always the patients left, vice versa**** will be on test



Axial: bones, ribs, sternum, everything else appendicular

Appendicul: hands, feet, wrist ankles, girdle bones

Coxcial bones


Clavicle bone is appendicular


Superior: towards head

Inferior: awake from head


Anterior/ventral: front of body

Posterior/dorsal: back of body


Medial” midline of body

Lateral: away from body

Intermediate: in between


Only use when talking about appendages bottom 2 

Proximal: closer to point of attachment

Distal: farther away from



Superficial(external):

deep(internal):



Anatomical Variability

Structures that don’t have signifact impact

I.e diff capillary beds? Still have same aorta position

Diff fingers? Still same heart


3 Planes below = next semester


Midsagital

Coronal

Transverse


Know body cavities

Ventral **

Vertebral


Dorsal: cranial brain, vertebral spinal cord

Lined by serous membrane


This semester!!!!!

Ventral body cavities serous membranes and organs. Within


Serous membranes ** important

Pericardium

Pleurae

Peritoneum

Peritonitis 


Know abdominal quadrants 4