Pharmaceutical Education: Page-by-Page notes
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Transcript header content:
ՄՑ
ANGELES
1962
VERSITY
College of Allied Medical Professionals
Department of Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical Education & Training
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Learning objectives (end of topic):
1. Describe the overview of curriculum
2. Define Pharmacy Research
3. Identify Post Graduate Training and Specialties
4. Define Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
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A four-year Bachelors Degree w/c provides:
✔ broad spectrum scientific training that lead to employment in different scientific fields such as:
higher educational institutions
community drugstores
hospitals
Section: A. Introduction
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A four-year Bachelors Degree w/c provides:
✔ broad spectrum scientific training that lead to employment in different scientific fields such as:
government agencies
research establishments
public health
pharmaceutical industry
Section: A. Introduction
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The main concern of Pharmacy Education is to provide:
✔ Pharmacists who are scientifically competent to deliver pharmaceutical services required in health care delivery.
Section: A. Introduction
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After finishing the program, the graduate shall have acquired and developed knowledge, skills, aptitude and competencies in:
✔ conducting scientific research methods and processes
✔ developing drugs
✔ identifying, compounding, manufacturing, storing and dispensing of drugs
✔ managing drug establishments
Section: A. Introduction
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After finishing the program, the graduate shall have acquired and developed knowledge, skills, aptitude and competencies in:
✔ providing pharmaceutical care and counselling patients
✔ providing drug and health related information
✔ advocating professional and ethical pharmacy practice
✔ contributing to the overall social, mental, emotional and physical health of individuals, communities and the country
Section: A. Introduction
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B. Program Roles
The B.S. Pharmacy Program aims to prepare graduates for the following roles:
a. Professional pharmacist
b. Pharmaceutical care provider
c. Researcher
d. Manager and entrepreneur
e. Educator
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Specific Professions / careers / occupations for graduates (1st set):
Graduates of the BS Pharmacy program may pursue a career in the following areas of pharmacy practice:
pharmaceutical manufacturing / production
production planning and inventory control
quality assurance
research and development
regulatory affairs
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Specific Professions / careers / occupations for graduates (2nd set):
Graduation options include:
clinical pharmacy
community pharmacy
cosmetics industry
veterinary industry
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Specific Professions / careers / occupations for graduates (government service):
government service (Department of Health, Food and Drug Administration, PhilHealth, Professional Regulation Commission, Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency, Dangerous Drugs Board, and others)
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Specific Professions / careers / occupations for graduates (continued):
health publications
sales or marketing
institutional pharmacy (non-pharmaceutical establishments with pharmacy clinics, such as those in the Supreme Court, San Miguel Corp, etc.)
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B. Program Specifications – Specific Pharmacy Practice
Drug Outlets
Drug Store Owner
Supervising Pharmacist
Chain Drug Store Chief /Staff Pharmacist
Hospital Pharmacist
Clinical Pharmacist
Botica ng Barangay Pharmacist
Drug Establishments
Pharmacist Owner/Manager/Supervisor/Staff
Regulatory Pharmacist
Company Pharmacist
Researcher
QC Analyst
QA Inspector
Medical Representative
Product Manager
Production Pharmacist
Academic Institutions
Professor
Instructor
Lecturer
Administrator
Dean
Assistant Dean
Program Coordinator
Department Chair
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Government Agencies
Board Examiner
FDRO/DRO
Director-FDA
Hospital/Clinical Pharmacist
Researcher
Consultant
Philhealth Pharmacist
Military Pharmacist
Forensic Pharmacist/Analyst
Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO)
HMO Pharmacist
Medical Transcriptor
Health Call Center Pharmacist
Research Institutions
Researcher
Administrator
NGOs/Private Corporations
Project Director
Consultant
Company Pharmacist
B. Program Specifications – Specific Pharmacy Practice (continued)
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Pharmacy Curriculum
2019-2020
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First Semester
CURRICULUM FOR THE DEGREE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PHARMACY
Curriculum Year 2019-2020
FIRST YEAR
SUBJECT CODE / SUBJECT NAME/DESCRIPTION / HOURS / UNITS / LEC. / LAB. / PRE-REQUISITE / CO-REQUISITE
AHELECT: Arts & Humanities Elective
PHIM01b: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (with Qualitative Analysis)
Introduction to the Health Care System
Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy
Perspectives in Pharmacy
Rizal's Life, Works and Writings
NSTP 1: National Service Training Program 1
Physical Activity Towards Health and Fitness 1 (PATH-FI)
Total academic units for Year 1, Semester 1: 30.0
Second Semester
Mathematics in the Modern World
NSTP 2
PE 2
Pharmaceutical Calculations and Techniques
Introduction to Pharmacy Administration, Management and Leadership
Human Physiology and Pathophysiology
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
Readings in Philippine History
Social Sciences Elective
NSTP 1
Rizal's Life, Works and Writings (or related items)
Total academic units for Year 1, Semester 2: 30.0
Summer (Year 1)
PHDDDO1 Drug Discovery & Development
PHMKE01 Pharmaceutical Marketing and Entrepreneurship
PHPublicH01 Public Health Pharmacy (with Pharmacoepidemiology)
Total Summer Units: 8.0
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THIRD YEAR and SUMMER details
THIRD YEAR – First Semester
Pharmaceutical Analysis 1 (Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Hospital Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing (with Quality Assurance and cGMP)
Pharmacology 1
Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry
Pharmaceutical Research Methods with Statistics
Social and Administrative Pharmacy
Units: 19 lec / 21 lab (total 19.0 + 7.0 lab? and related 2.0/1.0 allocations shown)
THIRD YEAR – Second Semester
Pharmaceutical Analysis 2 (Instrumental Methods of Analysis)
Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics
Dispensing (Prescription Reading and medication related problems, medication safety, and medication counseling)
Legal Pharmacy and Ethics
Pharmaceutical Toxicology
Pharmacy Research and Thesis Writing
Pharmacology II with Therapeutics
Total academic units: 26.0
SUMMER (Year 3)
Drug Discovery & Development
Public Health Pharmacy (with Pharmacoepidemiology)
Public Health Pharmacy (with Pharmacoepidemiology) – 3.0 lec 0 lab, etc.
Total Summer Units: 8.0
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Pharmacy Curriculum – Course descriptions
Professional courses (overview of course descriptions to follow)
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PHPPh01 - Perspectives in Pharmacy
4+1 PHARMACY DEGREE path
B.Sc Pharmacy / M.Pharm / B.Pharm. – focus areas include history, regulations, and practice of Pharmacy
Pharmacist placement options (1:1 direct supervision, patient-facing placement in community/hospital pharmacy for 12 months; or 6 months in industry)
5-year integrated pathway (Five-YEAR INTEGRATED PHARMACY DEGREE)
Pharmacist training relationship models:
1:1 direct supervision with pharmacist
1st year to 5th year arrangements
1st Year to 5th Year: Trainer-student relationship between pharmacist supervisor and pharmacy student
1st to 2nd years include indirect supervision with pharmacist available for guidance
Placements: 4 months minimum in any setting; 8 months in community or hospital pharmacy; possible extension to 6 months with summer work; international placements recognized
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PHIHC01 - Introduction to Health Care System
Deals with basics of Health Care System and its importance in delivering health care services based on health needs of target population
Status of Philippine Health Care System including health sectors, programs and government initiatives
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PHHPP01 - Human Physiology with Pathophysiology
Concepts of body functions in normal and diseased states to maintain homeostasis
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PHPBT01 - Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy
Study of plants and their value, morphology, anatomy, physiology, taxonomy, and distinct features of plant species of pharmaceutical importance
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PHIM01b - Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (with Qualitative Analysis)
Fundamentals of pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry with USP/NF references, preparations, properties, tests, uses and applications to diagnosis and therapy
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PHPPC01 - Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry
Study of classification, physical and chemical properties, and pharmacological and pharmaceutical uses of natural drugs (including Philippine medicinal plants)
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PHPMP01 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology
Study of microorganisms and parasites that are medically important
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PHIPA01 - Introduction to Pharmacy Administration, Management and Leadership
Covers basic functions of Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling as they relate to fiscal, personnel and merchandising management
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PHPOC01 - Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
Handling, preparing, separating, purifying, identifying and characterizing organic compounds
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PHPCT01 - Pharmaceutical Calculations and Techniques
Dosing calculations, density, specific gravity and specific volume as applied in the practice of pharmacy
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PHPDDS01 - Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Drug Delivery Systems and Medical Devices
Description, classification, uses, administration, preparation/compounding, packaging and labeling, storage/handling of dosage forms and devices; emphasis on new technologies to enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety
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PHPBi01 – Pharmaceutical Biochemistry
Concepts and principles of chemical constituents of living cells; structures, functions and processes of biomolecules
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PHPP01 - Physical Pharmacy
Correlation of physicochemical principles to dosage form design, preparation, stabilization, evaluation and delivery to patients
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PHPI01 - Pharmacy Informatics
Methods of gathering and using drug and health-related information from electronic and non-electronic sources using websites, search engines and mobile apps
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PHCA01 - Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Understand the role in practice of complementary and alternative/integrative medicine
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PHT01 - Pharmacology I
Basic principles and concepts of pharmacology; pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacotherapeutic properties of drugs acting on CNS and autonomic nervous systems (including drugs of abuse), respiratory and gastrointestinal systems
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PHBP01 - Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and how these processes are modified by factors affecting drug behavior in the body
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PHQC01 - Pharmaceutical Analysis 1 (Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Methods using titrimetric analyses as required by pharmacopoeial standards
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PHMf01a - Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and CGMP (including validation) with Quality Assurance
Introduction to manufacturing concepts and CGMP to produce quality, safe and effective pharmaceutical products; includes quality systems, technology transfer and commercial manufacturing
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PHDMC02 - Dispensing II (Medication-related problems, medication safety, medication counselling and other pharmacy services)
Prescription order assessment, drug use review, tailored counselling techniques for medication safety
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PHT02 - Pharmacology II
Covers cardiovascular, renal, hematologic, endocrine systems; agents targeting invaders and neoplasms; basic animal-model concepts for pharmacologic activity testing
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PHCP01 - Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics 1
Addresses health care issues for basic self-care
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PHPRTW01 - Pharmacy Research Methods with Statistics
Fundamental concepts of research methods used in pharmaceutical research; use of appropriate statistical tools for data analysis
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PHHP01 - Hospital Pharmacy
Hospital pharmacy practice and the pharmacist’s evolving role; emphasis on interprofessional collaboration and patient-centered care
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PHSAP01 - Social & Administrative Pharmacy
Tackle social aspects of the profession such as advocacy, gender, culture and sexuality
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PHMk01 - Pharmaceutical Marketing and Entrepreneurship
Knowledge and theories of marketing and entrepreneurship applied to various pharmacy practices
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PHQC02 - Pharmaceutical Analysis 2 (Instrumental Methods of Analysis)
Instrumental analysis in pharmacopeial contexts
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PHPCT01 - Pharmaceutical Toxicology
Systematic evaluation of toxicological agents with emphasis on molecular mechanisms of toxicity
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PHCP02 - Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics 2
Disease-oriented therapy goals; pharmacotherapy intervention documentation; care planning
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PHPHPE01 - Public Health Pharmacy (with Pharmacoepidemiology)
Integration of pharmacy practice in disease prevention, health promotion and life prolongation in public health settings
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PHCPD01 - Cosmetic Product Formulation (Cosmetic product development, regulation and safety assessment)
Apply principles and technologies in cosmetic product formulation; covers product development and notification
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PHDDD01 - Drug Discovery and Development
Covers the process from screening and target identification to final drug registration and marketing
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PHLPE01 - Legal Pharmacy and Ethics
Examines national and local laws affecting practice; emphasizes legal and ethical decision-making by pharmacists
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PHPRTW02 - Pharmacy Research and Thesis Writing
Writing a scientific paper/thesis; final oral defense to a panel; dissemination of results via research congress/community activities
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Essentials in Pharmacy Research
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PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH
Definition: Systematic investigation; study of materials and sources
Purpose: to establish facts and reach new conclusions
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Essentials in Pharmaceutical Literature
INFORMATION RESORIES IN PHARMAC
(typos in the transcript; interpreted as information resources in pharmacy)
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OBJECTIVES (Pharmacy literature focus):
1. Identify the sources of information in the practice of pharmacy
2. Enumerate the official compendia and non-official compendia used in practice
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What is LITERATURE? (Definitions per Merriam-Webster):
Written works considered to be very good and of lasting importance
Books, articles about a subject
Printed materials that provide information about something
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TYPES OF LITERATURES
A. Tertiary Literatures
B. Secondary Literatures
C. Primary Literatures
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INFORMATION RESOURCES
Journals with research studies
Access to detailed information; most recent information
Index/abstracts
Textbooks, full-text databases & review articles
General but less current information
Categorization: TERTIARY, SECONDARY, PRIMARY
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INFORMATION RESOURCES (recap)
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Tertiary Sources
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TYPES OF LITERATURES: Tertiary Literatures
Distillation/collection of primary and secondary sources
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TER TIARY RESOURCES - Common sources of information; general literature
TYPES 1. Encyclopaedias 2. Dictionaries 3. Handbooks 4. Directories
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ENCYLOPAEDIAS (examples)
Encyclopedias of Biological Sciences
The Encyclopedia of Chemistry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
Encyclopedia of Biochemistry
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DICTIONARIES (examples)
Pharmacist’s Dictionary
Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Science and Techniques
Medical Abbreviations
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HANDBOOKS (examples)
Manual
Data book/Tables
Reference book/Source book
Companion/vade mecum
Bench book
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TER TIARY RESOURCES – ADVANTAGES
Easy to use
Familiar to most practitioners
Concise overview
Convenient
Fairly complete information
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TER TIARY RESOURCES – DISADVANTAGES
Less current information due to lag time
Information may be incomplete due to space limitations
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TER TIARY RESOURCES – DISADVANTAGES (continued)
Errors in transcription or incorrect interpretation
Human bias and lack of expertise by authors
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TER TIARY RESOURCES: SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
Physician’s Desk Reference – General product/drug information
Compilation of product inserts; manufacturer contact; poison control; tablet identification
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TERSIARY EXAMPLES: Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
General product/drug information; correlates pharmacology with related medical sciences; emphasizes pharmacodynamics in therapeutics
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Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy
General product/drug information; reference for pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical chemistry, testing/analysis/control, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, pharmaceutical agents, manufacturing, and practice
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U.S. Pharmacopoeia, National Formulary
Official compendium with monographs on drug substances/dosage forms; ingredients; standards and specifications
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Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs
Adverse drug events; organized by drug classification; published every 4 years with annual updates
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American Drug Index
Product and generic name; product use; dosage forms; look-alike/sound-alike charts; pregnancy categories; normal lab values; common pharmaceutical calculations
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Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients
Uses; physicochemical properties; safety of excipients
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DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS/HERBAL MEDICINES
Provides information on chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology; summary of relevant clinical trials; patient counseling information
Review of Natural Products
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Hansten and Horn’s Drug Interaction Analysis & Management
Drug interactions: mechanisms and management options; interaction severity; risk factors; actions to minimize risk
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Drug Interaction Facts
Drug–drug interactions; drug–food interactions; significance and management suggestions
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FOREIGN DRUG IDENTIFICATION
Provides unbiased evaluated information on drugs, herbal products, diagnostic agents, radioactive pharmaceuticals, veterinary products
Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference
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INCOMPATIBILITY AND STABILITY
Information on 300 compounded formulations; organized by drug; extensive citations on stability/formulation studies
Trissel’s Stability of Compounded Formulations
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Geriatric Dosage Recommendations
Focus on diseases common in geriatrics; appropriate dosing in elderly
The Merck Manual of Geriatrics
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Pediatric Dosage Recommendations
Common diseases in newborns to adolescents; dosing; side effects; dosage forms for pediatrics
The Harriet Lane Handbook
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Pharmacokinetics: Basic Clinical Pharmacokinetics
Basic principles; interpretation of drug plasma concentration; common drugs assessed by blood levels
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Pharmacology
Organized by therapeutic class; general principles; detailed discussions of specific agents
Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
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Toxicology
Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons
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Veterinary Medicine
Compendium of Veterinary Products (monographs for 4800+ products)
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TYPES OF LITERATURES: Secondary Literatures
Analyze, review, or summarize information in primary or other secondary resources
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SECONDARY RESOURCES
Indexing: bibliographic citations (title, author, article citation)
Abstracting: brief description (abstract) of article/resource
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SECONDARY RESOURCES: Availability 1 (Paper/Print)
Advantages: cheaper; browsable
Disadvantages: time-consuming; limited simultaneous access
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SECONDARY RESOURCES: Availability 2 (Electronic databases)
Advantages: more frequent updates; rapid search; unlimited concurrent users
Disadvantages: cost; terminology differences
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SECONDARY RESOURCES: Examples of Databases
National Library of Medicine – MeSH terms; MeSH Browser; indexing/searching tools
MeSH terms include: headings, qualifiers, supplementary concepts; search options
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SECONDARY RESOURCES: Iowa Drug Information System
Produced by University of Iowa College of Pharmacy; self-contained database of drug therapy articles
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Available through PubMed
Coverage: basic and clinical sciences & health care disciplines; information from ~3900 journals in 40 languages
Resource: MEDLINE/PubMed
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PRIMARY RESOURCES
Consist of published and unpublished clinical research studies and reports
Question: What is not a primary literature?
Review articles or editorials in journals
Reviews include meta-analyses (statistical combination of results from multiple studies)
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PRIMARY RESOURCES ADVANTAGES
Access to more detailed information
Ability to assess utility/validity of study results
More current than secondary/tertiary resources
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PRIMARY RESOURCES DISADVANTAGES
May be misleading if based on a single trial
Need strong skills in literature evaluation
Time required to evaluate large volume of literature
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PRIMARY RESOURCES: SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education
Official publication of the AACP; articles indexed in PubMed/Medline, Current Contents (Education), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, etc.
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PRIMARY RESOURCES: SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
Drug Information Journal
Official publication of the Drug Information Association; disseminates information on manual/automated drug information systems; fosters communication across sectors
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PRIMARY RESOURCES: SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Official journal of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society; practice areas include drug delivery systems, biomaterials, polymers, and genome-related therapies
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ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1) News organizations and daily newspapers (print)
2) Experts or researchers in the field
3) Organizations affiliated with the disease condition
4) Contact product manufacturers through their medical information department
5) Electronic bulletin boards
6) Peer-to-peer communication and questions
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POST GRADUATE TRAINING SPECIALTIES
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Pharmacy programs offered in the Philippines are as follows:
Four year B.S. Pharmacy
Five year B.S. Pharmacy
Five-year B.S. Industrial Pharmacy
Two-year post-baccalaureate degree leading to Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD)
Two-year Master of Science in Pharmacy (MS Pharm)
Three year Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy
Clinical Pharmacy
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PRACTICUM/INTERNSHIP REQUIREMENTS (R.A. 5921)
Community Pharmacy: 160 hours
Hospital Pharmacy: 160 hours
Manufacturing Pharmacy: 160 hours
Major Internship (any of the 3): 480 hours
TOTAL HOURS: 960
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INTERNSHIP / PRACTICUM PROGRAM:
A. 1ST SEMESTER SUPERVISE PHARMACY PRACTICE EXPERIENCE (INSTITUTIONAL) = 120 HRS
PUBLIC HEALTH & REGULATORY = 180 HRS
COMMUNITY = 300 HRS
TOTAL = 600 HRS
B. 2ND SEMESTER SUPERVISE PHARMACY PRACTICE EXPERIENCE (HOSPITAL) = 300 HRS
INDUSTRY = 300 HRS
TOTAL = 600 HRS
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FOURTH YEAR HOURS / UNITS
COURSE CODES & DESCRIPTIVE TITLES (examples)
PHSPIN01: Supervised Pharmacy Practice Experience (Institutional) – 120/2.4
PHSPH001: Supervised Pharmacy Practice Experience (Hospital) – 300/6
PHSPRp01: Supervised Pharmacy Practice Experience (Community) – 180/3.6
PHSPMf01: Supervised Pharmacy Practice Experience (Industry) – 300/6
PHIPSO2 / Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences 2 (Practice of Pharmacy) – 3/3
TOTAL UNITS/HOURS: 15 per semester
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Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
PRC CPD Units Requirements per Profession every Three (3) Years: 45 Credit Units (CCU)
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Continuing Professional Development
Republic Act No. 10912, known as the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Act of 2016
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Continuing Professional Development
Licensed professionals working overseas
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Thank you…
keep safe and God bless.
Notes on structure and context:
The document outlines a comprehensive pharmacology/pharmacy education program, including a detailed curriculum, possible career paths, and the structure of postgraduate training and CPD in the Philippines.
Key recurring themes include: development of professional roles (pharmacist, care provider, researcher, manager, educator), various practice settings (drug manufacturing, clinical, community, regulatory, government, industry, academia), and the importance of CPD for ongoing professional standards.
There are explicit course descriptors for a wide range of professional subjects (pharmacology I & II, pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, pharmacoepidemiology, hospital/institutional practice, etc.), as well as a clear emphasis on research methods, ethics, and regulatory frameworks.
The curriculum culminates in supervised practice experiences across multiple settings and a capstone research/ Thesis component, followed by a CPD requirement to maintain licensure.
Equations or mathematical models are not presented in the transcript; numerical references are primarily course hours, unit values, and internship hour requirements, which are captured above in LaTeX-friendly format where appropriate (e.g., total hours and unit counts).