Diabetes

Flashcards: Diabetes and Psychological Implications

1. Q: What is the global prevalence of diabetes among adults?
   A: 1 in 10 adults (537 million people) had diabetes in 2021.

2. Q: How many adults with diabetes remain undiagnosed globally?
   A: 1 in 2 adults (240 million people).

3. Q: What percentage of global health expenditure is spent on diabetes?
   A: 11.5% (USD 966 billion annually).

4. Q: What is the projected number of diabetes cases by 2045?
   A: 783 million adults.

5. Q: Which type of diabetes involves the body producing no insulin?
   A: Type 1 diabetes.

6. Q: What is the main characteristic of Type 2 diabetes?
   A: Beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance.

7. Q: Name two common symptoms of untreated diabetes.
   A: Excessive thirst and frequent urination.

8. Q: Who discovered insulin therapy?
   A: Charles Best and Frederick Banting.

9. Q: What is the risk of depression in people with diabetes?
   A: Depression is twice as common in people with diabetes.

10. Q: What is diabetes-specific emotional distress?
    A: Emotional burden related to diabetes management, measured by PAID-5.

11. Q: What percentage of people with diabetes report emotional distress?
    A: Approximately 40%.

12. Q: What is the impact of depression on HbA1c levels?
    A: Depression is associated with poorer glycemic control and higher HbA1c.

13. Q: How does chronic stress contribute to diabetes?
    A: Through behavioral (e.g., unhealthy eating) and physiological pathways (e.g., inflammation).

14. Q: What therapy is effective in treating depression in diabetes patients?
    A: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

15. Q: What is the role of the Hypo-METRICS app?
    A: It assesses the impact of hypoglycemia on daily functioning.

16. Q: How much higher is the mortality risk for diabetes patients with depression?
    A: 46% higher for all-cause mortality.

17. Q: What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?
    A: Shaking, sweating, confusion, and heart palpitations.

18. Q: What is diabetic neuropathy?
    A: Nerve damage affecting up to 50% of diabetes patients.

19. Q: Name two treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).
    A: Pregabalin and duloxetine.

20. Q: What is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?
    A: A therapy that trains acceptance, mindfulness, and value-based actions.

21. Q: What are the consequences of untreated depression in diabetes?
    A: Higher HbA1c, lower quality of life, and increased complications.

22. Q: What psychological barrier often delays insulin therapy?
    A: Fear and negative appraisals of insulin.

23. Q: What role does mindfulness-based therapy play in diabetes management?
    A: It reduces stress and emotional distress.

24. Q: How many adolescents with Type 1 diabetes suffer from eating disorders?
    A: About 10%, double the general population rate.

25. Q: How is hypoglycemia linked to emotional well-being?
    A: Hypoglycemia causes fear, worry, and disrupts daily activities.

26. Q: What percentage of people with Type 1 diabetes experience nocturnal hypoglycemia?
    A: 11.3 events per patient-year.

27. Q: What are the physical consequences of diabetic retinopathy?
    A: Poor vision and potential blindness.

28. Q: What is the "Wheel of Life" activity used for?
    A: To assess hypoglycemia's impact on quality of life.

29. Q: What is the best predictor of future depression in diabetes patients?
    A: A history of depression.

30. Q: Name one future research direction for diabetes-related psychological care.
    A: EEG-based neurofeedback for neuropathic pain.