Chapter 16: Globalization in a Changing World

social movement - collective attempts to further common interest or secure common goal through action outside sphere of established institutions

noninstitutional participation - unconventional politics most utilized by those with little representation or power within existing systems

• aim to disrupt normal social order

• unconventional politics that disrupt flow of business most effective and most represeed by state

• ex. protests, strikes, revolutions, violence, terrorism

protest - disruptive public act that forces individuals to pay attention to aggrieved population

• political act, state creates and defines environment by which we are allowed to legally mobilize

• demonstrate disobedience to hostile state and direct appeal to public for change

• symbolic acts of disobedience

  • ex. burning the flag, taking a knee

• situated between conventional “polite” forms of political mobilization and violent revolution

• use implicit threats of violence rather than explicit threats

• protestors must be careful in how they represent movement

  • any action negatively judged by public can make movement lose credibility and increase credibility of opposing movements

social ties - ties between individuals motivates activism

• if someone you know is being threatened, more likely participate in protest than if witness form of “abstract” inequality

rational choice perspective - recognize how difficult it is to motivate actors to participate

• difficult to inspire participation against capitalism when capitalism sustains us (Marx)

free rider problem - people can benefit from gains of social movement without participating in it

• social movement organizers attempt to solve problem over all others

• creation of collective identity is extremely useful tool

collective identity - shared definition of group based on members’ common interests and shared experiences

• allows people to feel connected to causes that are “bigger than themselves”

• makes people feel own livelihood threatened when something negative happens to person sharing collective identity

• why people participat in movements with no clear material gain as reward

• cause and outcome of social movements

• boundaries - social, physical, psychological structures create distance between collective identity and other groups

  • ex. creation of women-centric orgs and businesses

• consciousness - people realign personal experience with experience and concerns of collective identity

  • ex. feminist consciousness-raising groups

• negotiation - members work to positively change public perception of identity

  • ex. creation of feminist art, culture, language

framing - allow people locate, perceive, identify, label things that occur

• help understand reality by using experiences, values, cultural knowledge as guideline

• social movements establish frames to permanently change way issue percieved

• ex. pro-life vs pro-choice movements frame issue of abortion differently

frame amplification - focus, clarify, invigorate interpretive frame

• makes issue more relevant in popular culture

frame extension - include new issues within frame

• ex. racial justice advocates including environmental concerns within platform

frame transformation - change public perception about frame

frame bridging - bringing together two different frames in support of one issue

diagnostic frames - defines issue, who created issue, what perpetuates issue

prognostic frames - defines solutions to issue

frame resonance - extent to which frames will resonate with intended audiences

emotion-based scholarship - challengest idea emotions rash or “illogical”

• integral in explaining why people participate within movements, why certain movements effective at creating resonant frames

• create and maintain reputation for social movement orgs

• create connections between participants, further collective identity

• create impact on world

• urges - strong bodily impulses

  • activists/leaders control to appear strong

  • ex. hunger, weariness

• reflex emotions - quick reactions to powerful stimuli

  • ex. anger and fear

• moods - long term feelings that carry over from situation to situation

  • social movment orgs attempt to keep certain moods alive for long periods of time

• background emotions - affective loyalties to certain people or causes

moral batteries - social movement uses contrast between negative emotion and positive emotion to facilitate participation

• LGBT orgs turn shame into pride

• religious orgs turn guilt into loyalty

abeyance structures - structures emerge when social movements able to successfully embed themselves in society

• prevents social movement from truly dying by keeping cultural legacy alive

Manuel Castells - movements emerge from hegemonic order being imposed on urban social reality that conflicts with ideals

urban ideology - system of interlocking values and ideas that empower some groups and oppress others

• when oppressed group sees ideology as their own, much less likely to protest

historicity - capacity to product historical experience through cultural patterns

• cause of conflict for new social movmeents is control over this

• state competes with interest groups and other organized groups of citizens to define reality

• when state has control over media outlets and other vehicles of cultural transmission, more idfficult for oppressed populations to realize they are being lied to

resource mobilization theory - emphasize interaction between groups ability to mobilize necessary resources to be effective

• internal organization

• degree to which group able to form coalitions with other groups

• political circumstances created opportunities for action

• entrepeneurial aspects of social movements

structural strain - tensions that produce conflicting interests within societies

• ex. uncertainties, anxieties, ambiguities, direct clashes of goals

• (Neil Smelser)

civil society - sphere between state and marketplace occupied by family community associations, noneconomic institutions