Practical 1!

Practical 1: Directional Terms, Planes, Regions, Bone Histology, Joints, Cranial Bones

Overview of Practical 1

  • Modules Covered: Module 1, Module 2, Module 3

Directional Terms

  • Anterior/Ventral

    • Definition: Toward the front of the body.

    • Visual Reference: Anatomical Position.

  • Posterior/Dorsal

    • Definition: Toward the back of the body.

  • Superior & Inferior

    • Superior: Toward the top of the body.

    • Inferior: Toward the bottom of the body.

  • Medial & Lateral

    • Medial: Closer to the midsagittal line, or the midline of the body.

    • Lateral: Away from the midsagittal line.

  • Deep & Superficial

    • Deep: Toward the inside of the body.

    • Superficial: Toward the outside of the body.

  • Proximal & Distal

    • Proximal: Closer to the body or point of origin.

    • Distal: Further from the body or point of origin.

  • Rostral & Caudal

    • Rostral: Toward the forehead or beak.

    • Caudal: Toward the tail or the cauda equina.

  • Supine

    • Definition: Lying on the back.

  • Prone

    • Definition: Lying on the front.

Anatomical Planes

  • Sagittal Plane

    • Definition: A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

    • Sagittal Movements:

    • Extension: Increasing the angle between body parts.

    • Flexion: Decreasing the angle between body parts.

    • Dorsiflexion: Raising the foot upward at the ankle.

    • Plantar Flexion: Pointing the toes downward.

  • Frontal (Coronal) Plane

    • Definition: A vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

    • Frontal Movements:

    • Abduction: Movement away from the midline.

    • Adduction: Movement toward the midline.

    • Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward.

    • Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward.

  • Transverse Plane

    • Definition: A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

    • Transverse Movements:

    • Supination: Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces upward.

    • Pronation: Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward.

    • Medial Rotation: Rotating a limb toward the body.

    • Lateral Rotation: Rotating a limb away from the body.

    • Neck rotation: Twisting from side to side.

Anatomical Terms Relating to Regions

  • Orbital

    • Definition: Pertaining to the eye socket.

  • Buccal

    • Definition: Pertaining to the cheek.

  • Oral

    • Definition: Pertaining to the mouth.

  • Occipital

    • Definition: Pertaining to the back of the skull.

  • Deltoid

    • Definition: Pertaining to the shoulder.

  • Antecubital

    • Definition: Anterior to the elbow.

  • Brachial

    • Definition: Pertaining to the arm.

  • Axillary

    • Definition: Pertaining to the armpit.

  • Digital

    • Definition: Pertaining to the fingers or toes.

  • Scapular

    • Definition: Pertaining to the shoulder blade.

  • Cervical

    • Definition: Referring to the 7 vertebrae closest to the head.

  • Thoracic

    • Definition: Referring to the 12 vertebrae connected to ribs.

  • Lumbar

    • Definition: Referring to the 5 vertebrae in the low back.

  • Sacral

    • Definition: Referring to the 5 fused vertebrae in the pelvis region.

  • Inguinal

    • Definition: Pertaining to the groin.

  • Umbilical

    • Definition: Pertaining to the belly button.

  • Abdominal

    • Definition: Referring to the area below the chest and above the pelvis.

  • Pubic

    • Definition: Near the pubic bone.

  • Sural

    • Definition: Pertaining to the calf.

  • Popliteal

    • Definition: Pertaining to the posterior knee.

  • Gluteal

    • Definition: Pertaining to the buttocks.

  • Calcaneal

    • Definition: Pertaining to the heel of the foot.

  • Femoral

    • Definition: Pertaining to the thigh.

  • Patellar

    • Definition: Pertaining to the knee cap.

Regions & Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Area

  • Abdominopelvic Regions:

    • 9 distinct regions, including:

    • Right Hypochondriac Region

    • Epigastric Region

    • Left Hypochondriac Region

    • Right Lumbar Region

    • Umbilical Region

    • Left Lumbar Region

    • Right Iliac Region

    • Left Iliac Region

    • Hypogastric Region

  • Abdominopelvic Quadrants:

    • 4 quadrants, including:

    • Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

    • Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

    • Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

    • Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Bone Histology Terms

  • Osteon: The basic structural unit of compact bone.

  • Lacuna: A small space containing an osteocyte in bone.

  • Canaliculi: Microscopic canals between lacunae that contain osteocyte extensions.

  • Periosteum: A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

  • Sharpey's Fibers: Connective tissue fibers that attach the periosteum to the underlying bone.

  • Concentric Lamellae: Layers of bone matrix arranged around the Haversian canal.

  • Circumferential Lamellae: Layers of bone matrix that encircle the bone shaft.

  • Interstitial Lamellae: Remnants of old osteons that fill spaces between newer osteons.

  • Volkmann's Canal: Channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum to the interior of the bone.

  • Haversian/Central Canal: The central channel in each osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves.

  • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that reside in lacunae and maintain bone tissue.

  • Endosteum: A thin vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of all bone cavities.

Joints

  • Shoulder Joint Model: Observations include various ligaments and their relationships to the structure.

    • Acromioclavicular Ligament: Connects acromion to the clavicle.

    • Coracoacromial Ligament: Stabilizes the shoulder joint.

    • Coracoclavicular Ligament: Connects the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula.

  • Elbow Joint Model: Includes various ligaments.

    • Oblique Cord: A strong ligament helping to stabilize the elbow joint.

    • Radial Collateral Ligament: Provides lateral support to the elbow joint.

    • Annular Ligament: Encircles the head of the radius, holding it in place against the ulna.

    • Ulnar Collateral Ligament: Provides medial support to the elbow joint.

  • Knee Joint Model: Observations include various structures.

    • Patellar Tendon: Connects the patella to the tibia.

    • Patellar Ligament: Stabilizes the kneecap.

    • Lateral Meniscus: Cartilage that cushions the knee joint.

    • Medial Meniscus: Another cartilage providing cushioning.

    • Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL): Prevents the tibia from sliding forward relative to the femur.

    • Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL): Prevents the tibia from sliding backward relative to the femur.

    • Tibial Collateral Ligament: Provides medial stability.

    • Fibular Collateral Ligament: Provides lateral stability.

Skull Model Observations

  • Lateral View

    • Structures include Frontal Bone, Parietal Bone, Temporal Bone, Occipital Bone, and Zygomatic Process.

  • Posterior View

    • Structures include Left and Right Parietal Bone, Occipital Bone, Nuchal Line.

  • Superior View

    • Structures include Frontal Bone, Right and Left Parietal Bone.

  • Interior Skull Structure

    • Notable structures include Ethmoid Bone, Greater Wing of Sphenoid Bone, Jugular Foramen, Foramen Magnum, etc.

  • Inferior View

    • Observations include Foramen Ovale, Styloid Process, Occipital Condyles, etc.

Important Reminder

  • There are additional models in the lab, making it crucial to spend time in class or during open lab sessions with all models, as not just the models in the photos will be used for the practical exam.

  • Understanding anatomical directional terms on in-person models is essential, and no abbreviations are allowed; terms need to be spelled out entirely with minimal spelling errors.