Untitled Flashcards Set

Ernesto Guevara - (1928-1967) Argentinean socialist and revolutionary, called "Che," who played a crucial role in the Cuban Revolution. After serving as a Cuban government minister, he left to organize guerrilla campaigns in the Congo and Bolivia. He was executed in 1967 by the Bolivian army. Great Leap Forward - (1958) Mao Zedong's attempt to harness the revolutionary zeal of the Chinese masses for rapid industrialization. The result was a massive economic collapse and millions of deaths from famine. Fidel Castro - (b. 1926) Cuban prime minister from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Led the successful Cuban Revolution in 1959, after which his nationalization policies led to deteriorating relations with the United States and increasing dependence on Soviet support. CIA - U.S. federal agency created in 1947 whose responsibilities include coordinating intelligence activities abroad as well as conducting covert operations—for example, against the Soviet Union and its allies during the Cold War. Cuban Missile Crisis - Tense 1962 confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba. A compromise led to withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba and of American missiles from Turkey. Hungarian Uprising - (1956) Popular revolt against the Soviet-controlled government of Hungary, leading to a Soviet invasion and reimposition of communist authority. Jacobo Arbenz - (1913-1971) President of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954. A moderate socialist, Arbenz enacted comprehensive land reforms that angered Guatemalan elites and U.S. corporations. He was deposed by rebel forces backed by the United States. Apartheid - "Separateness" in the Afrikaner language, starting in 1948 this was the official policy of the white government of South Africa, enforcing strict racial segregation in all spheres of life, including work, education, and place of residence. Strongly opposed by the African National Congress, apartheid ended when democratic, non-racial elections were held in 1994. Kwame Nkrumbah - (1909-1972) One of the most prominent postwar African nationalists, he emphasized Pan-African unity while leading Ghana to independence in 1957. Jomo Kenyatta - (1891-1978) The British-educated leader of Kenya's nationalist movement after World War II, Kenyatta spent years in prison before becoming the first democratically elected leader of an independent Kenya in 1963. Patrice Lumumba - (1925-1961) The first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960. He was deposed and assassinated by political rivals in 1961. Ahmed Sukarno - (1901-1970) Leader in the struggle for Indonesian independence from the Netherlands, achieved in 1949. Indonesian military leaders, backed by the United States, thought Sukarno incapable of battling communism and removed him from power. Jawaharlal Nehru - (1889-1964) Statesman who helped negotiate the end of British colonial rule in India and served as independent India's first prime minister from 1947 to 1964. Nehru was an influential advocate of the Non-Aligned Movement, refusing to choose sides in the Cold War. Gamal Abdel Nasser - (1918-1970) Prime minister of Egypt from 1954 to 1956 and president from 1956 to 1970. The nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956 made Nasser a Pan-Arab hero, though the loss of the Six-Day War to Israel in 1967 badly damaged that reputation. Ho Chi Minh - (1890-1969) Vietnamese revolutionary and Marxist who led military campaigns against Japanese invaders, French colonialists, and American and South Vietnamese forces. Prague Spring - (1968) An attempt by political reformers in Czechoslovakia to reform the communist government and create "socialism with a human face." The Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia, ending this attempt at reform and reimposing communist orthodoxy. Tlatelolco Massacre - (1968) Massacre that occurred when ten thousand university students, faculty, and other supporters gathered in Tlatelolco Plaza in Mexico City to protest the closing of the Mexican National University; government forces opened fire and killed three hundred people. Salvador Allende - (1908-1973) Socialist leader, elected president of Chile in 1970. His government was overthrown in a U.S.-backed military coup in 1973, during which Allende took his own life. Red Guards - Young people who rallied to the cause of Maoism during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. As their enthusiasm got out of control, the Red Guards spread anarchy across the People's Republic of China. Detente - The easing of hostility between nations, specifically the movement in the 1970s to negotiate arms limitations treaties to reduce tensions between the Eastern and Western blocs during the Cold War. 1. How did the revolutions in China and Cuba contribute to the Cold War? Revolutions in China contributed to the cold war by giving rise to the communist party, which had relations with the Soviet Union and supported North Korea in the Korean war as the US supported South Korea. Revolutions in Cuba contributed to the Cold War by Fidel Castro leading the Cuban Revolution, forming nationalist policies that aligned with the Soviet Union more than the USA. As these tensions between the USA and Cuba grew, the USSR almost sent missiles to Cuba before JFK intervened. 2. How did the Cold War affect decolonization movements in Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia? The Cold War allowed for proxy wars in Africa, in places like the Democratic Republic of the Congo where Lumumba, the leader of the nationalist decolonization movement, turned to the Soviets for military aid and was thus captured and killed with the help of the CIA. The Cold War was present in South Asia, shown by the Bandung Generation of rulers from Indonesia, India, and Egypt strategizing to reach decolonization. For example, Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia was outcasted after General Suharto took over in place of him with the help of the United states, showing the difficulty in non-alignment. The Cold War affected decolonization in Southeast Asia for example, In Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam to be independent and followed Marxist ideals, causing him to be targeted by the US and causing US occupation in South Vietnam and bombings on North Vietnam, with Ho Chi Minh ultimately winning. 3. What aspects of the economic, social and political order did youth protest from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s? The youth protested the economics of communism in Eastern Europe through Prague Spring while Westerners often protested corporations and factories. The youth protested the social order of communism through Prague Spring, feminism through the availability of contraceptives, civil rights through protests led by people like MLK, and the hippie lifestyle where unconventional ways were practiced with drugs to reject corporate commercialism. The youth protested political order through Prague Spring, but failed being taken over by the Soviets, protested the Vietnam war, and students in Mexico protested the closing of a university and the government shot them down, killing 300 people.