physics chapter 15-16

Introduction

  • The lecture starts with a question regarding the due date for an assignment related to Chapter 16.

  • The importance of the assignment is emphasized for exam preparations, specifically for corrections before a test on Tuesday.

Assignment Due Date

  • Instructor proposes a due date of Saturday for the assignment regarding Chapter 16.

ERVMS Account Setup

  • Students are required to sign up for an ERVMS account.

  • Wait for an approval letter before scheduling boards since the boards are not taken through the school.

Testing Locations

  • Testing is primarily conducted at Pearson VUE testing centers.

  • Specific locations mentioned: 1 in Sioux Falls, 1 in Sioux City.

  • Possible to set up a time in November for testing if desired.

Scheduling the Boards

  • Previous year's scheduling was noted, with many students taking exams over Christmas break.

  • Preference mentioned for being mentally fresh when taking the exam.

  • Passing the exam is critical as students are not considered credentialed until they do so.

Retake Policy

  • If a student does not pass the exam on the first attempt, they must wait approximately 90 days to retake it.

Exam Requirements

  • Students are reminded that they do not need to pass the exam to continue to the next semester but cannot become a stenographer until they pass.

Support and Communication

  • Students are encouraged to communicate any issues or frustrations they have regarding lab sessions or instructor support.

  • Importance of independent exam completion is emphasized; adjuncts are not intended to give continuous support.

  • Adjuncts monitor the lab instead of teaching during the exam.

Conduct and Professionalism

  • Communication within the student body and between students and faculty is emphasized for maintaining professionalism.

  • Students are reminded to maintain respect and professional behavior at all times.

Chapter Review

  • Transitioning to topics from Chapter 15, highlighting new technologies in ultrasound.

New Ultrasound Technologies in Chapter 15

  • Coded Excitation

    • Creates longer pulse durations compared to traditional short pulses, which helps in spreading the intensity throughout the wave.

    • Expected advantages include improved signal-to-noise ratio, resolution, and penetration.

    • Care must be taken to remain within FDA limits to avoid increasing bioeffects.

  • Spatial Compounding

    • Utilizes multiple pulses from different angles to enhance image resolution by addressing shadowing or speckling.

    • This method decreases the frame rate as the system expends additional effort sending multiple pulses.

  • Frequency Compounding

    • Categorizes collected images based on frequency ranges (low and high) and overlaps these to form a single clearer image.

  • Temporal Compounding

    • An overlapping technique that amalgamates frames from a sequence (previous, current, next) to enhance clarity.

  • Fill Interpolation

    • Estimates and fills in missing information between scan lines in ultrasound imaging, producing more comprehensive visuals.

PACS and DICOM

  • PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System)

    • A system for storing and accessing images that allows for remote access by authorized personnel not necessarily at the facility.

    • Facilitates nighttime radiology services by enabling off-site reading of images.

  • DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine)

    • A networking protocol that ensures the effective transmission of medical imaging data within a facility’s systems.

    • Strong regulations are in place to protect patient information from being compromised.

Compression and Dynamic Range in Chapter 16

  • Dynamic Range vs. Decibels

    • Dynamic range is distinct from decibels; it involves evaluating the widest range of signals from smallest to largest.

  • Importance of compression in data management emphasized:

    • Inaccuracies occur without proper compression as signals may remain unaltered in size.

  • Dynamic range calculations explained:

    • Example given with an original signal of 110 decibels that is to be compressed.

    • If a signal is compressed into a smaller number, the order of values does not change.

  • Wide vs. Narrow Dynamic Range

    • A wider dynamic range results in more shades of gray and is associated with lower contrast.

    • Conversely, a narrower dynamic range produces fewer shades of gray and a high contrast image.

    • Control of display settings directly correlates with dynamic range settings on machines.

Dynamic Range Calculations

  • Example of a signal having a dynamic range of 70 decibels after compression of an initial value.

    • Original value and resultant shades of gray calculated.

Final Notes

  • Students are advised to utilize the website ardms.org for scheduling boards and account creation and remember all associated costs and details before proceeding.

  • Overall emphasis on maximizing efficiency in their studies for upcoming exams and understanding the technological advancements discussed in class.