Islam spread outward from Arabia through military actions, merchants, and missionaries
House of Wisdom - center of learning in the Abbasid Empire that helped transfer knowledge through Afro-Eurasia
Mamluks - enslaved people for Arabs who were Turks from Central Asia; in Egypt, they established the Mamluk Sultanate and prospered with trade in cotton and sugar and were a threat to Abbasid Empire
Seljuk Turks - challenge to Abbasids from Central Asia after conquering the Middle East; highest-ranking Abbasid from the caliph to chief Sunni religious authority
Crusaders - Abbasids allowed Christians to travel to and from holy sites around Jerusalem until they limited travel and the Crusaders (Christian soldiers) reopened access
Mongols - central Asia; conquered the remaining Abbasid Empire, ending Seljuk rule and were stopped in Egypt by Mamluks
Abbasids became an important link connecting Afro-Eurasia until trade patterns shifted farther north; Baghdad stopped being the center of trade and lost wealth, population, canals, and food
Abbasid Caliphate - led by Arabs and Persians later shaped by Turkic people in Central Asia led to Islamic states with Turkic cultures: Ottoman Empire in Turkey, Safavid Empire in Persia, and the Mughal Empire in India
Islamic scholars followed Muhammad’s advice and translated Greek literary classics into Arabic, studied mathematics from India, and adopted paper-making from China
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi - astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, trigonometry, medicine
Ibn Khaldun - historical accounts and historiography and sociology
‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah - prolific female Muslim writer; Sufi
Sufi - emphasized introspection to gather truths and incorporated local religious elements into Islam; played important role in the spread of Islam
Islamic society viewed merchants as prestigious as long as they maintained fair dealings, gave to charity, and kept in accord with the pillars of Islamic faith
Dhows - long, thin hulls made for carrying goods
Non-Arab states with Islamic caliphs showed discrimination against non-Arabs; people paid tribute to Islamic caliphs rather than to Byzantine rulers
Slavery - Islam allowed slavery of non-Muslims, Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians; imported from Africa, Kievan Rus, and Central Asia (who converted for freedom); slave women were concubines to Islamic men and had more independence than legal wives
Women -dressed modestly with a hijab; Muhammad raised the status of women by making dowries paid to the future wife and forbiding female infanticide
Islamic women had higher status than Christian or Jewish women (allowed to inherit property, retain ownership, remarry, cash settlement, birth control, etc.)
Islamic rule in Spain - the Umayyads rules in Spain after Muslims defeated Byzantines armies and invaded Spain, designating Cordoba as their capital; turned back after the Battle of Tours; maintained religious toleration, promoted trade, and made al-Andalus a center of learning
Knowt
Note
Studied by 32 people