Augustus datrs
Timeline: The Age of Augustus
Before Augustus’ Rise (48–31 BC)
48 BC – Battle of Pharsalus: Caesar defeats Pompey, who flees to Egypt and is killed.
44 BC – Julius Caesar Assassinated: Conspirators flee, and Mark Antony delivers a eulogy.
43 BC – Second Triumvirate Formed (Octavian, Antony, Lepidus); Proscriptions begin.
42 BC – Battle of Philippi: Brutus and Cassius commit suicide; Antony emerges as a key leader.
41-40 BC Battle of Perusia: Octavian lays siege and brutally punishes the allies of Lucius and Fulvia
40 BC – Treaty of Brundisium: Rome divided between Octavian (West), Antony (East), and Lepidus (Africa).
36 BC – Battle of Naulochus: Octavian defeats Sextus Pompey; Lepidus ousted from the Triumvirate.
32 BC – Antony’s will exposed, showing allegiance to Cleopatra and their children.
31 BC – Battle of Actium: Octavian and Agrippa defeat Antony & Cleopatra.
Augustus’ Rule (31 BC–14 AD)
30 BC – Battle of Alexandria:
Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide.
Egypt becomes part of the Roman Empire.
29 BC – Octavian’s Triple Triumph; Temple of Janus doors closed to symbolize peace.
27 BC – First Settlement of the Principate:
Octavian renames himself Augustus.
Retains military power as "Imperator" and control over key provinces.
Given civic honors (golden shield, civic crown).
26-19 BC – Spanish Campaign:
Augustus goes to Spain (26 BC) to deal with rebellious tribes.
Declares victory (24 BC), though fighting continues until Agrippa secures peace in 19 BC.
25 BC – Julia’s First Marriage:
Julia, Augustus' daughter, marries Marcellus (Augustus' nephew).
Marcellus dies in 23 BC, leaving her a widow.
23 BC – Crisis of 23 BC:
Conspiracy uncovered; Consul Murena executed.
Augustus falls seriously ill and hands his signet ring to Agrippa.
Second Settlement: Augustus resigns the consulship but retains military and tribune powers.
21 BC – Julia’s Second Marriage:
Julia marries Marcus Agrippa, Augustus' right-hand man.
They have five children, including Gaius, Lucius, and Agrippa Postumus.
20 BC – Parthian Diplomacy:
Augustus negotiates the return of Roman military standards without war.
18 BC – Senate Reforms:
Reduces Senate size, raises wealth qualifications, and increases responsibilities.
17 BC – Secular Games and Religious Renewal:
Augustus commissions Horace to write a poem.
82 temples repaired, 12 new temples built (Apollo, Mars, Julius Caesar).
12 BC – Death of Agrippa:
Augustus forces Julia to marry Tiberius (his stepson) in 11 BC.
This is an unhappy marriage; Tiberius is forced to divorce Vipsania, whom he loved.
2 AD – Death of Lucius Caesar (grandson and heir).
4 AD – Death of Gaius Caesar (grandson and heir).
With both Lucius and Gaius dead, Augustus is forced to adopt Tiberius.
Also adopts Agrippa Postumus.
Forces Tiberius to adopt Germanicus (his great-nephew).
6 AD – Julia Exiled:
Julia had a scandalous affair, and Augustus banishes her to Pandateria.
6 AD – Agrippa Postumus Banished (reasons unclear).
9 AD – Disaster in Germany:
Varus loses three legions to a tribal rebellion and commits suicide.
Augustus is devastated.
13 AD – Tiberius Named Chief Heir in Augustus’ will.
14 AD – Death of Augustus:
Tiberius peacefully takes power.
Augustus declared a god.
Livia takes the title "Augusta" and lives until 29 AD, when she is also deified.
14 AD – Death of Julia:
She dies in exile, likely of starvation.
Reforms and Policies
Military Reforms:
Creates permanent standing army and fleets.
Establishes a military treasury to support veterans (funded by inheritance taxes).
Maintains loyalty by ensuring soldiers are paid and not used by rivals.
Social Reforms (18 BC):
Corruption laws, sumptuary laws, and adultery criminalized.
Encourages marriage and childbirth (penalizes unmarried, childless individuals).
Infrastructure & Governance:
Establishes city prefect to maintain order and supervise a police force.
Expands roads and relay stations for couriers.
Fixes governor salaries to reduce corruption.