Self as Cognitive Construct and the Theories of William James

Defining the Self and its Components

The self is defined as a symbol-using individual who possesses the capacity to reflect upon their own behavior. This definition encompasses $3$ distinct areas: the body, social identity, and the self.

Understanding the Self-Concept

Self-concept is viewed as the product of an individual's experiences. It is formed as a direct result of the individual-growth process and the specific personal-social development an individual undergoes throughout their life.

William James’s Dual Conceptualization of the Self

In $1890$, William James, one of the earliest psychologists to dedicate research to the study of the self, conceptualized the self as having $2$ primary aspects: the $I$ and the $Me$. In general terms, the self refers to the overarching sense of personal identity and the sense of who people are as unique individuals.

The $I$ Aspect: The Self as Knower

The $I$ aspect of the self is defined as the knower or the experiencer. It exists in the present tense and acts as the internal story teller. This facet of the self is the thinking, acting, and feeling self, providing a sense of continuity and personal identity.

The $Me$ Aspect: The Self as Known

The $Me$ aspect of the self consists of the physical characteristics and the psychological capabilities that define who a person is. It encompasses the traits and abilities that can be observed and known about the individual.