BIO 201

Anatomy and Physiology Lab Exam 1 Notes

Anatomical Position

  • Definition: Universally accepted standard position.

    • Body is erect.

    • Feet are slightly apart.

    • Head and toes are pointed forward.

    • Arms hang at the sides with palms facing forward.

Body Regions and Terms

Axial Terms

  1. Axial: Refers to the head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body.

  2. Abdominal: Anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs.

  3. Acromial: Point of the shoulder.

  4. Buccal: Cheek.

  5. Cervical: Neck region.

  6. Frontal: Forehead.

  7. Mammary: Breast.

  8. Mental: Chin.

  9. Nasal: Nose.

  10. Oral: Mouth.

  11. Orbital: Bony eye socket (orbit).

  12. Sternal: Region of the breastbone.

  13. Thoracic: Chest.

  14. Umbilical: Navel (belly button).

Appendicular Terms

  1. Appendicular: Related to limbs and their attachments to the axis.

  2. Brachial: Arm.

  3. Crural: Leg.

  4. Digital: Fingers or toes.

  5. Femoral: Thigh.

  6. Fibular (peroneal): Side of the leg.

  7. Hallux: Great toe.

  8. Inguinal: Groin.

  9. Manus: Hand.

  10. Pelvic: Pelvis region.

  11. Patellar: Anterior knee (kneecap) region.

  12. Pedal: Foot.

  13. Pollex: Thumb.

  14. Pubic: Genital region.

  15. Tarsal: Ankle.

  16. Vertebral: Area of the spinal column.

Directional Terms

  1. Superior: Above another structure.

  2. Inferior: Below another structure.

  3. Anterior: In front of another structure.

  4. Posterior: Behind another structure.

  5. Medial: Toward the midline.

  6. Lateral: Away from the midline.

  7. Cephalad: Toward the head.

  8. Caudal: Toward the tail.

  9. Dorsal: Backside.

  10. Ventral: Belly side.

  11. Proximal: Nearer the trunk or attached end.

  12. Distal: Farther from the trunk or attached end.

  13. Superficial: Toward or at the body surface.

  14. Deep: Away from the body surface.

Body Planes

  1. Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right parts.

  2. Frontal Plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

  3. Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Body Cavities

Dorsal Body Cavity

  1. Dorsal Body Cavity: Contains the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.

    • Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain.

    • Vertebral Cavity: Contains the spinal cord.

Ventral Body Cavity

  1. Ventral Body Cavity: Contains the thoracic cavity and the abdomino-pelvic cavity.

    • Thoracic Cavity: Contains heart and lungs.

    • Abdominal Cavity: Contains the stomach, intestines, liver, and other organs.

    • Pelvic Cavity: Contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.

Cell Structure and Function

  1. Nucleus: Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.

  2. Chromatin: Genetic material loosely dispersed throughout the nucleus.

  3. Chromosomes: Rodlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin formed during cell division.

  4. Nucleoli: Small round bodies in the nucleus composed primarily of proteins and RNA.

  5. Nuclear Envelope: Double-layered porous nucleus membrane.

  6. Nuclear Pores: Openings in the nuclear envelope that control the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

  7. Plasma Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer, cell membrane that encloses the cell.

  8. Cytoplasm: Consists of organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol.

  9. Organelles: "Small organs" of the cell.

  10. Cytosol: Fluid cytoplasmic material, intracellular fluid.

Key Organelles

  1. Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.

  2. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

    • Transport of proteins.

    • A system of membranes found in a cell's cytoplasm that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.

  3. Golgi Apparatus: Stack of flattened sacs that plays a role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from the cell.

  4. Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes to digest worn-out cell organelles and foreign substances.

  5. Peroxisomes: Contains oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen, and peroxide.

  6. Mitochondria: Site of ATP production (adenosine triphosphate).

  7. Centrioles: Cylinder structures composed of microtubules, directing the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division.

  8. Cytoskeletal Elements: Provide support to the cell.

Cell Cycle Phases

  1. Interphase: Cell carries out normal metabolic activities and grows.

  2. Early Prophase: First stage of mitosis.

  3. Late Prophase: Subsequent stage of mitosis.

  4. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.

  5. Anaphase: Chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.

  6. Telophase: Final stages of mitosis where the nuclear membrane begins to reform.

  7. Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm during cell division.