C1 Summary

Chromatography

Draw a line in pencil at the bottom on your chromatography paper

Put a dot of your mixture on the base line

Put in solvent (ethanol or water)

Put lid on to stop evaporation

Allow mixture to separate as it moves up the paper

Evaporation

Put solution in evaporating dish and heat completely until all water has evaporated leaving behind solid

Crystallisation

Heat solutions so some water is evaporated

Leave to cool and dry

Filter and dry crystals

Drying oven or desicator

Filtration

Pour solution through filtration paper into a beaker from a funnel

Simple Distillation

Mixture will heat and water will evaporate up the column as it gains energy

The water then cools and condenses into another flask

Fractional Distillation

Different substances in solution will all evaporate at different temperatures due to boiling points

Substances will cool and condense in column where it will flow into the conical flask

Column has a temperature gradient

History of The Atom

Dalton found out it was a ball

JJ Thompson with the plum pudding model

Rutherford with the alpha scattering particle experiment and nuclear model

Bohr’s nuclear model discovered shells

Chadwick discovered neutrons

Properties of Metals

Hard

Sonorous

Shiny

Good conductors

Malleable

Properties of Non-Metals

Dull

Brittle

Poor conductors

Properties of Transition Metals

Colourful

Hard

Shiny

Dense

Good conductors