Comprehensive General Education Study Guide

Philippine History, Revolution, and Propaganda Movement

• Gregoria de Jesus: Honored as the Lakambini ng Katipunan; she was the second wife of Andres Bonifacio.
• Monica: The first wife of Andres Bonifacio.
• Julio Nakpil: The revolutionary commander to whom Andres Bonifacio entrusted his wife, Gregoria de Jesus, prior to his death.
• Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora): Honored as the Ina ng Katipunan (Mother of the Katipunan).
• Marcela Agoncillo: Principal seamstress who hand-sewed the official national flag of the Philippines.
• Andres Bonifacio: Author of Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog; translated Jose Rizal's poem Mi Último Adiós into Tagalog under the title Pahimakas.
• Teresa Magbanua: Recognized as the Visayan Joan of Arc.
• Agueda Kahabagan: Recognized as the Tagalog Joan of Arc.
• Propaganda Triumvirate: The trio of prominent reformists composed of Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Marcelo H. del Pilar.
• Graciano Lopez Jaena: The first editor of La Solidaridad; author of the satirical work Fray Botod.
• Marcelo H. del Pilar: The second editor of La Solidaridad; author of Dasalan at Tocsohan and Frailocracia.
• La Solidaridad: Official organ of the Propaganda Movement; its primary goal was to assimilate the Philippines as a formal province of Spain.
• Jose Rizal: The most cultured propagandist owing to the depth and breadth of his intellectual and cultural achievements.
• Paciano Rizal: Jose Rizal's elder brother, who served as the real-life model for the character Pilosopo Tasyo in Noli Me Tángere.
• Ilustrados: The class of educated Filipinos who spearheaded the Propaganda Movement.
• Propaganda Movement Impact: Opened the minds of Filipinos to the concepts of liberty and national freedom.
• Apolinario Mabini: Author of El Verdadero Decálogo (The True Decalogue).
• Emilio Jacinto: Author of the patriotic poem A La Pátria.
• Tabon Man: The oldest human fossil remains discovered in the Philippines.

Characters and Themes in Philippine Literature

• Maria Clara: The literary character serving as the archetype and model of the traditional Filipina in Noli Me Tángere.
• Simoun: The identity assumed by Crisostomo Ibarra in El Filibusterismo, where he poses as a wealthy jewel merchant.
• Elias: The character in Noli Me Tángere who uttered the iconic line: "I shall die without seeing the dawn break upon my homeland."
• Isagani: A passionate law student portrayed in El Filibusterismo.
• Paulita Gomez: The fiancée of Isagani who ultimately abandoned him to marry Juanito Pelaez.
• Juanito Pelaez: The wealthy student chosen by Paulita Gomez over Isagani.

World and Regional Geography

• Largest Country in Central Asia: Kazakhstan
• Largest Country in South Asia: India
• Largest Country in West Asia: Saudi Arabia
• Largest Country in East Asia: China
• Largest Country in North Asia and Worldwide: Russia
• Smallest Country in Asia: Maldives
• Smallest Country in the World: Vatican City
• Second Smallest Country in the World: Monaco
• Perihelion: The specific point in the orbit of a planet where it is closest to the Sun.
• Largest / Longest Archipelago: Indonesia
• World Coastline Rankings:
  • 1st Longest Coastline: Canada
  • 2nd Longest Coastline: Indonesia
  • 4th Longest Coastline: Russia
  • 5th Longest Coastline: Philippines
  • 10th Longest Coastline: United States
• Geographical Extremes of the Philippines:
  • Northernmost Point: Mavulis (Y'Ami) Island
  • Southernmost Point: Tawi-Tawi
  • Easternmost Point: Pusan Point
  • Westernmost Point: Balabac Great Reef

World Literature, Poetry, and Mythology

• Don Quixote: The best-selling novel of all time, with approximately $500\text{ million}$ copies sold.
• A Tale of Two Cities: The second best-selling novel of all time, with approximately $200\text{ million}$ copies sold.
• The Lord of the Rings: The third best-selling novel of all time.
• The Little Prince: The fourth best-selling novel of all time; authored by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry; contains the line: "Only the heart can see rightly…"
• Sir John Falstaff: A comic character featured in three of William Shakespeare's plays.
• Hamlet: The principal character in Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet; central to the monologue exploring indecision ("To be or not to be").
• Macbeth: Shakespearean tragedy built around the central theme of excessive ambition for power.
• Romeo and Juliet: Shakespearean tragedy revolving around themes of love and conflict.
• William Shakespeare: Acclaimed as the world's greatest sonnet writer.
• Geoffrey Chaucer: Honored as the Morning Star of English Literature; author of The Canterbury Tales.
• The Canterbury Tales: Classical narrative structured as a frame story or a "story within a story".
• James Joyce: Author of Ulysses, who resorted to writing with crayons in the final years of his life.
• Nathaniel Hawthorne: Author of The Scarlet Letter.
• J.K. Rowling: Author of the Harry Potter series.
• O. Henry: Author of The Last Leaf, a story themed around selflessness and sacrifice.
• George Orwell: Author of 1984 and Animal Farm; creator of the character Boxer, who is a horse.
• Edgar Allan Poe: Master author renowned for horror and detective short stories.
• Herman Melville: Author of Moby-Dick, a novel famous for opening with the sentence "Call me Ishmael".
• Virginia Woolf: Author of Mrs. Dalloway.
• Daniel Defoe: Author of Robinson Crusoe.
• F. Scott Fitzgerald: Author of The Great Gatsby.
• Robert Frost: Celebrated American poet who wrote The Road Not Taken and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.
• Rudyard Kipling: Author of the poem If.
• Ernest Henley: Author of the poem Invictus.
• Samuel Clemens: The real name of the author known by the pen name Mark Twain.
• Aesop: Ancient Greek storyteller recognized for writing fables.
• Homer: Ancient Greek epic poet attributed with composing the Iliad and the Odyssey.
• The Bible: Recognized as the most influential book in global history.
• Arabian Nights: The collection of folklore from which the story of Aladdin originated.
• Confucius: Ancient Chinese philosopher and author of the Books of the Sages.
• Bhagavad Gita: Sacred Hindu text framed as a dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna.
• Indarapatra: Epic narrative originating from an Indian fable.

Political Science, Civics, and Legal Terms

• Unicameralism: A system of government featuring a single legislative chamber or house.
• Bicameralism: A system of government featuring two distinct legislative chambers or houses.
• Parliamentarism: A political system combining executive and legislative powers within a single governing body.
• Reign (Reino): The total period of rule of a king or queen.
• Habeas Corpus: A legal writ requiring a detained person to be presented before a court to determine the legality of their imprisonment.

Natural Sciences and Biological Taxonomy

• Aristotle: Historically recognized as the original Father of Taxonomy.
• Carl Linnaeus: Known as the Modern Father of Taxonomy; popularized the system of Binomial Nomenclature.
• Charles Darwin: Naturalist who formulated the mechanism of evolutionary change known as Natural Selection.
• Alexander Fleming: Scientist credited with discovering Penicillin.
• States of Matter:
  • Solid: State of matter characterized by the most tightly packed arrangement of atoms.
  • Plasma: The hottest state of matter.
• Entropy: The measure of thermal energy per unit temperature in a system that is unavailable for doing useful work.
• Commensalism: An ecological interaction exemplified by an orchid growing on a tree trunk, where one organism benefits without affecting the other.

Tagalog Grammar and Affixes

• Unlapi (Prefix): An affix attached to the beginning of a root word.
• Gitlapi (Infix): An affix inserted within the middle of a root word.
• Hulapi (Suffix): An affix attached to the end of a root word.
• Kabilaan: An affix structure attached simultaneously to both the beginning and the end of a root word.
• Laguhan: An affix structure attached simultaneously to the beginning, middle, and end of a root word.

Educational Assessment and Grading Scale

• Beginning: Performance rating of $74\%$ and below.
• Developing: Performance rating between $75\%$ and $79\%$.
• Approaching Proficiency: Performance rating between $80\%$ and $84\%$.
• Proficient: Performance rating between $85\%$ and $89\%$.
• Advanced: Performance rating of $90\%$ and above.

Mathematical Expressions and Simplification

• Algebraic Expression Simplification:
  • Original Problem: Simplify $3x - (2y - 4x) + 6y - 7x + 4y$
  • Step 1 (Distribute negative sign): $3x - 2y + 4x + 6y - 7x + 4y$
  • Step 2 (Combine $x$ terms): $3x + 4x - 7x = 0x = 0$
  • Step 3 (Combine $y$ terms): $-2y + 6y + 4y = 8y$
  • Final Simplified Answer: $8y$