Page 1 Notes — Cartilage Types, Sensory Systems, Ear & Vision, Neurotransmitters, Cranial Nerves, CNS Disorders, Eye/Ear Diseases, and Brachial Plexus Innervation

Types of Cartilage

• Hyaline: joints, ribs
• Elastic: ear, epiglottis
• Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs

Sensory Systems

• Sensory Receptors
  • Mechanoreceptors: touch, pressure
  • Thermoreceptors: temperature
  • Photoreceptors: light
  • Chemoreceptors: chemicals
  • Nociceptors: pain

Ear Anatomy

• Outer ear: pinna, auditory canal
• Middle ear: ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
• Inner ear: cochlea, semicircular canals

Vision & Accommodation

• Lens shape changes for focus
• Ciliary muscles contract/relax to adjust lens shape
• Pupils adjust to light (pupillary reflex)

Neurotransmitters

• ACh: muscle activation
• Dopamine: reward, movement
• Serotonin: mood
• NE (norepinephrine): alertness
• GABA: inhibitory neurotransmission
• Glutamate: excitatory neurotransmission

Cranial Nerves (Functions)

• I — Olfactory: Smell
• II — Optic: Vision
• III — Oculomotor: Eye movement
• IV — Trochlear: Eye movement
• V — Trigeminal: Face sensation
• VI — Abducens: Eye movement
• VII — Facial: Facial expression
• VIII — Vestibulocochlear: Hearing & balance
• IX — Glossopharyngeal: Taste, swallowing
• X — Vagus: Autonomic control
• XI — Accessory: Shoulder movement
• XII — Hypoglossal: Tongue movement

CNS Diseases (Matching)

• General CNS
  • Parkinson's disease: dopamine deficiency
  • MS (multiple sclerosis): demyelination
  • Alzheimer's disease: memory loss, plaques
• Eye & Ear Disorders
  • Glaucoma: increased intraocular pressure
  • Cataracts: lens clouding
  • Otitis media: middle ear infection
• Nerve
  • Meniere's disease: inner ear fluid imbalance

Brachial Plexus & Terminal Nerves Innervation

• Musculocutaneous: Anterior arm (biceps)
• Axillary: Deltoid, shoulder
• Radial: Posterior arm (triceps, wrist extensors)
• Median: Forearm flexors, thumb
• Ulnar: Hand muscles, pinky side