4.4

indentured servitude- servants worked for a periodoftime in exchange for passage

chattel slavery indivudals considered property to be bought and sold

trading posts in africa and asia

  • certainr egions targeted for conquest

  • henry the navigator interested in navigational technology, financed expeditions in africa

  • posts set up on african coast by portuguese andother europeans

  • local rulers traded slaves in exchange for gunpowder and canons, gave coastal kingdoms military adcantage

  • african states grew wealthy by selling slaves, especially kingdom of dahomey, raided villages to enslave peopel, sold to euros

african states

  • portuguese explorers, traders, missionaries, made inroads into kongo and benin kingdom

  • artwork shows euro and african influence

  • benin art showed “intruders”/euros in carving/sculpture

  • growth of maritime empires built asante empire and kingdom of kongo from trade

  • vasco de gama invaded swahili city states, took over trade in kilwa, mombasa, other states, sent heavily armed ships and built fortresses, caused decline in states taken

japan

  • restricted netweokrs, originally tolerated portuguese and dutch

  • 1000s converted to christianity, some destroyed buddhist shrines

  • japanese gov banned christian worship, persecuted christians, limited foreign influence

  • 1630- expelled most foreighners, foreighn books, prohibited travel abroad by japanese

  • japan isolated for 2 centuries, allowed some dutch to live island in nagasaki harbor

  • continued some trade with china, carried out by regional lords with easy acces to sea to korea, taiwan, okinawa

  • uncouth of europeans, euros/americans would return mid 19th cent

china

  • ming dynasty limited outside influence after zheng he, restricted trade

  • prohibited private foreign trade, destroyed dock yards, limited size of ships, reconstructed great wall, part of conservatism under ming dynasty from rulers apst

  • wanted to undo mongol yuan dynast influence

  • reemphasized confucianis, service exam, limits on trade later reversed, resumed role in trade

europeans rivalries on five continents

fueled by political, economic, religous motives, shaped expansion of empires, trading posts sent in india

  • british east india compant, commercial relationship with mughals in 17th century

  • portugal controlled coastal trading post in southwestern goa

  • france controlled podicherry, cith in southeast state of tamil nadu

france and great britain and allies, competed for power on 5 continets in seven years war

britain won war in 1763, drove frence out of india

portuguese remainded until drivne outh in mid 20th cent

british in india

  • trading posts once typical of ones establsihed by europeans in india

  • EIC made small forts on coasts, focused on profit from trade

  • limited by mughal power, EIC controlled little territory

  • began to expand, took advantafe of tension between muslims and hindus, increased power frm trwaties with local rulers

  • EIC moved inlad with help of sepoys (euro trained indian provate force), spread indluence

  • britain intervened politcally and militariliy, controlled much of subcontinet

europeans in americas

  • before euros, aztec empire and inca inclueded 10-15 million people, plummeted from disease, collapsed fast when attacked by spanish

  • cortes forces overthrew aztecs in 1521, established new spain,  melted down aztec treasure and sent gold back home

  • destroyed tenochtitlan, built mexico city

  • in andes, francisco pixarro attacked incas and captured ruler atahualpa, offered to release him if inca would fill large room with gold, complied, still killed ruler though

Spain vs Portugal

  • treaty of tordesillas- 1494, spain and portugal divided americas, spain got all lands west of meridian, portugal got all lands east, brazil under portugal rule

  • spain explored past modern day maxico, pedro menendex de aviles estabolshed fort in st augestine, on east coast of florida in 1565, oldest continous settlement in US

  • spain couldnt control all of north america becasue of dutch, french, british

france versus britain

  • contunued to fight for dominace in north america

  • britsih moved into dutch territory, upper new york, formed ties with iroquis, were in conflicht with french over trade issues

  • british hoped iroquis could frustrate french trade intessts

  • irowues realized britain was a bigger threat than france, iroquis and french sighned treaty, great peace of montreal

  • british drove france out of canada, sometimes called french and indian war

continuity and change in economic systems

  • merchants used to pating taxes and fees

  • didnt use arms to protect trade, if feese to high theyd move 

europeans in indian ocean trade

  • portuguese had superior naval forces, religous zeal and wanted progit

  • cloth from gujarati weavers, agri goods from java, spices from many palces

  • portuguese used military superiority to take control, created armed posts

  • won in battle of diu in arabian sea over gujaratis, mamluks, and zamorin of calicut, supported by venice

  • traders continued paying for ports and pasasgeways, made link for networks

spain and gold in americas

  • profit search began with columbus, conviced gold was profitable on hispaniola, gave name to island of haiti and dominican republc, gold sparse in carrbean

  • columbus kidnapped Tainos, natives, enslaved and took to spain

  • encomienda- established by spain, gained acces to gold and other resources

  • encomenderos- landowners, comppeled indigenous to work in exchange of food and shelte, like serfs

  • coercive labor system, notorious for brutality/harsh living

  • spanish crown granted land to conquistadors in exhange for efffort, hacienda system, made when landowners developed agriculture on lands, wheat, fruit, vergetables, sugar, used coerced labor

silver

  • gold didnt have mut riches for spain, silver in mexico and pero made fortues

  • mercury used to seperate silver from ore increased profit of silver mining, 

  • city of zacatecas in mecico and potosi in andes became thriving centers of mining

  • spain made natives to the work, natives wouldnt do the most dangerous, spain changed mit’a system itno coerced/obligated labor, young men made to work

silver and mercantilism

  • silver trade made spanish wealthy, strengthened spanish economy

  • euros adopted mercantilism, used high tarrifs and colonies,spanish colonies ued for silver supply

  • export mroe than import, wealth used to bult military and foreign trade

continuity and change in labor

-euros looked for cheap labor in americas

  • portuguese went to kingdome of kongo to lok for slaves, used as domestic servants

  • women enslaved as household workers

  • enslaved people owned showed power to owner

  • arabs one of first to take enslaved from africa during postclassical 600s, from swahili states

  • atlantic slave trade caused more havoc 

why africans

  • natives in latin america mostly died or escpaed, knew the lands and knew the people, could easily comouflage with popualtion, enslavement of native failed

labor for plantatioons

  • owners recruited indentured servants from europe to work, grow tobacco, in exchange for room passage and board

  • not used to backbraking working conditions and climates, only requiered to work 7 years

  • not ideal

caputre and shipment of slaves to americas

  • violent

  • african leaders realized benefit from slave trade, invaded neighbors for slaves to sell

  • african rulers willing to hand over members of their lower societ, prisoners, servants, criminals

  • king afonso of kongo realised slave trades not controlable, initially allowed it, didnt want to give uo eleite to slavery, or kongo to be depopulated,

horrors of journey

  • captured slaves taken to holding pens in west africa, called barracoons or slave castle

  • ghana called them points of no return, when 1000s of slaves never returened home

  • people can view the hosue of slvaes now on coast of senegal

  • captives crammed onto dank cargo ship, little water food or room, 

  • journey called middle passage, was middle part of slave journey

  • many tried to rebel, uprisings crushed

  • half ships captives died, 10-15 percent of cptives died before reaching americas

demographic social and cultural changes

  • growth of plantation economy and slavery changed alot

  • migration of africans impacted deomographs of african homes

  • decline in african home countries

  • slavery impacted social classes even when abolished

  • distrupted families, often seperated, more men than women captive

  • polygyny, more than one wife, was common

  • family determined by kinship

  • mixing of groups influenced languege and made new ethnic groups, mestizos and mulattos

indian ocean slave trade

  • overland/in ocean, slaves from africa take to north africa, middle east, india

  • transported to madagascar, trade peaked in 18-19 cents

  • slaves mroe likely to work in seaports, or laborers in shipping companies, household servants

  • developed community with free people

  • in islamic communities,had right to marry

  • african music/words/customs found in oman, india, elsewhere