AXSELL Semester 1 2023 Exam Revision Questions

Muscular System

• Functions

Respiratory System

• Functions

Gaseous Exchange

• Diagram

Inspiration vs Expiration

• Table: External Intercostals, Internal Intercostals, Diaphragm, Lung Volume, Air pressure in the lungs

Oxygen Molecule Path

• Atmosphere to body and back

• Structures and Processes

Actions and Movements

• Table: Big arm circles, Touching your nose, Touching little finger with thumb, Turning your head left and right, Kicking a football

Quadriceps and Hamstrings

• Pair work for kicking

Energy Systems

• ATP/PC System, Anaerobic Glycolysis, Aerobic System

  • $O_2$ Required: No, No

  • Speed of Energy Supply

  • Fuel Source

  • Amount of ATP Production

  • Unlimited By-products: None

  • Duration: Forever

  • Cause of Fatigue

  • Activity: Sprint Endurance

Sporting Examples

• ATP/PC

• Anaerobic Glycolysis

• Aerobic

Cardiac Output

• Increase as acute response to exercise

Selective Redistribution of Blood

• Definition

Periodisation

• Assistance to athlete

Progressive Overload

• Principal definition

• Example for lower body strength (15-year-old)

Muscular System

• Functions

  • Movement: Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement, including voluntary movements like walking and running, as well as involuntary movements like heart beating and digestion.

  • Stability: Muscles help maintain posture and balance by stabilizing joints and preventing unwanted movements.

  • Heat Production: Muscle contractions generate heat, which helps maintain body temperature.

  • Control of body openings and passages: Sphincter muscles control the opening and closing of body openings, such as the mouth, anus, and eyelids.

  • Protection: Muscles protect underlying organs and tissues from injury.

Respiratory System

• Functions

  • Gas exchange: The primary function of the respiratory system is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood.

  • Regulation of blood pH: The respiratory system helps regulate blood pH by controlling the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

  • Voice production: Air passing through the larynx (voice box) allows us to speak.

  • Olfaction: The olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity allow us to smell.

  • Protection: The respiratory system protects the body from harmful substances in the air by filtering, warming, and humidifying the air we breathe.

Gaseous Exchange

• Diagram

  • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

  • Capillaries: Small blood vessels that surround the alveoli and facilitate gas exchange.

  • Oxygen ( $O_2$ ): Moves from the alveoli into the capillaries.

  • Carbon Dioxide ( $CO_2$ ): Moves from the capillaries into the alveoli.

Inspiration vs Expiration

• Table: External Intercostals, Internal Intercostals, Diaphragm, Lung Volume, Air pressure in the lungs

  • Inspiration (Inhaling):

  • External Intercostals: Contract, lifting the rib cage up and out.

  • Internal Intercostals: Relax.

  • Diaphragm: Contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the chest cavity.

  • Lung Volume: Increases.

  • Air Pressure in the Lungs: Decreases.

  • Expiration (Exhaling):

  • External Intercostals: Relax, allowing the rib cage to lower.

  • Internal Intercostals: Contract, pulling the rib cage down and in (during forced expiration).

  • Diaphragm: Relaxes and returns to its dome shape, decreasing the volume of the chest cavity.

  • Lung Volume: Decreases.

  • Air Pressure in the Lungs: Increases.

Oxygen Molecule Path

• Atmosphere to body and back

• Structures and Processes

  • Nose/Mouth: Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth.

  • Pharynx: Air passes through the pharynx (throat).

  • Larynx: Air enters the larynx (voice box).

  • Trachea: Air travels down the trachea (windpipe).

  • Bronchi: The trachea splits into two bronchi, one for each lung.

  • Bronchioles: The bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles.

  • Alveoli: The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

  • Capillaries: Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the surrounding capillaries.

  • Blood: Oxygen is transported in the blood to the body's cells.

  • Cells: Oxygen is used by the cells for cellular respiration.

  • Carbon Dioxide: Carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, diffuses from the cells into the blood.

  • Capillaries: Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood to the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

  • Alveoli: Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli.

  • Bronchioles: Carbon dioxide travels up the bronchioles.

  • Bronchi: Carbon dioxide travels up the bronchi.

  • Trachea: Carbon dioxide travels up the trachea.

  • Larynx: Carbon dioxide passes through the larynx.

  • Pharynx: Carbon dioxide passes through the pharynx.

  • Nose/Mouth: Carbon dioxide exits the body through the nose or mouth.

Actions and Movements

• Table: Big arm circles, Touching your nose, Touching little finger with thumb, Turning your head left and right, Kicking a football

  • Big Arm Circles:

  • Muscles Involved: Deltoids, Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Rotator Cuff muscles (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis).

  • Joint Actions: Shoulder flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction.

  • Touching Your Nose:

  • Muscles Involved: Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Deltoid, Trapezius.

  • Joint Actions: Elbow flexion, shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction.

  • Touching Little Finger with Thumb:

  • Muscles Involved: Flexor Pollicis Longus and Brevis, Abductor Pollicis Longus and Brevis, Opponens Pollicis.

  • Joint Actions: Thumb flexion, abduction, opposition.

  • Turning Your Head Left and Right:

  • Muscles Involved: Sternocleidomastoid, Splenius Capitis, Semispinalis Capitis.

  • Joint Actions: Cervical rotation.

  • Kicking a Football:

  • Muscles Involved: Quadriceps (Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius), Hamstrings (Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus), Hip Flexors (Iliopsoas, Rectus Femoris), Gluteus Maximus, Gastrocnemius, and Soleus.

  • Joint Actions: Hip flexion, knee extension, hip extension, knee flexion, ankle plantarflexion.

Quadriceps and Hamstrings

• Pair work for kicking

  • Quadriceps (Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius):

  • Function: Knee extension (straightening the leg).

  • Hamstrings (Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus):

  • Function: Knee flexion (bending the leg).

  • During kicking:

  • The quadriceps contract to extend the knee and swing the leg forward to kick the ball.

  • The hamstrings contract to slow down the leg after the kick and prevent hyperextension of the knee.

Energy Systems

• ATP/PC System, Anaerobic Glycolysis, Aerobic System- $O_2$ Required: No, No

  • Speed of Energy Supply: Fast, Medium, Slow

  • Fuel Source: Creatine Phosphate, Glucose, Glucose, Fats, and Proteins

  • Amount of ATP Production: Very Limited, Limited, Abundant

  • Unlimited By-products: None, Lactic Acid, Carbon Dioxide and Water

  • Duration: Very Short (10-15 seconds), Short (30-60 seconds), Long (Over 3 minutes)

  • Cause of Fatigue: Depletion of Creatine Phosphate, Accumulation of Lactic Acid, Depletion of Glycogen and Dehydration

  • Activity: Sprint Endurance

Sporting Examples

• ATP/PC

  • 100-meter sprint

  • Weightlifting

  • High jump

• Anaerobic Glycolysis

  • 400-meter sprint

  • 100-meter swim

  • Gymnastics routine

• Aerobic

  • Marathon running

  • Cycling

  • Swimming

Cardiac Output

• Increase as acute response to exercise

  • Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

  • Cardiac output increases during exercise to meet the increased demand for oxygen and nutrients by the working muscles.

  • Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume.

  • Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat.

  • Heart Rate: The number of times the heart beats per minute.

Selective Redistribution of Blood

• Definition

  • Selective redistribution of blood is the process of directing blood flow to the areas of the body that need it most during exercise.

  • During exercise, blood flow is redirected away from the digestive system and other inactive organs and towards the working muscles.

  • This is accomplished by vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) in the inactive areas and vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) in the active areas.

Periodisation

• Assistance to athlete

  • Periodization is the process of planning training in phases or cycles.

  • Periodization helps athletes to peak for competition and avoid overtraining.

  • Common phases of periodization include:

  • Preparation phase: Focuses on building a base level of fitness.

  • Competition phase: Focuses on improving performance in specific events.

  • Transition phase: Focuses on recovery and regeneration.

Progressive Overload

• Principal definition

• Example for lower body strength (15-year-old)

  • Progressive overload is the principle of gradually increasing the stress on the body to stimulate adaptation and improvement.

  • This can be done by increasing the weight lifted, the number of repetitions performed, or the number of sets completed.

  • Example for lower body strength (15-year-old):

  • Week 1: Squats with 50 kg for 3 sets of 8 repetitions.

  • Week 2: Squats with 52.5 kg for 3 sets of 8 repetitions.

  • Week 3: Squats with 55 kg for 3 sets of 8 repetitions.

  • Week 4: Squats with 57.5 kg for 3 sets of