AP gov laws Judiciary

"Prior restraint refers to government actions that prevent the publication or dissemination of certain information before it is shared with the public. It's a restriction on freedom of speech or the press. 

The 'Establishment clause' is part of the First Amendment and prohibits the government from establishing an official religion or favoring one religion over others. It ensures the separation of church and state.

The "wall of separation" is a metaphor used to describe the concept of keeping church and state separate, meaning that there should be no government interference or establishment of religion.

The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) played a crucial role in the civil rights movement, advocating for equal rights and fighting against racial discrimination through legal action, protests, and education.

"Initiating" legal action means to start or begin a legal proceeding or lawsuit.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) was a landmark Supreme Court case that ruled that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, were not considered citizens and therefore did not have the right to sue in federal court. This decision fueled tensions leading up to the Civil War.

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1868, grants equal protection under the law to all citizens and prohibits states from denying any person due process of law.

The due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment ensures that individuals are protected from arbitrary government actions and guarantees fair treatment and procedures in legal proceedings.

The equal protection clause in the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees that all individuals are entitled to equal protection under the law, regardless of race, gender, or other protected characteristics.

"De facto" segregation refers to segregation that occurs in practice or in reality, even if not explicitly mandated by law. "De jure" segregation, on the other hand, refers to segregation that is legally enforced through laws or policies.

Affirmative action refers to policies or programs that aim to provide equal opportunities for historically disadvantaged groups, such as racial minorities or women, in areas like education and employment.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark legislation that prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It played a crucial role in advancing civil rights and ending segregation in the United States.

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures and requires probable cause for search warrants.

The Sixth Amendment guarantees certain rights to individuals accused of crimes, including the right to a speedy and public trial, the right to an attorney, and the right to confront witnesses.

Eminent domain is the power of the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is provided to the property owner.

Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws or actions unconstitutional.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) confirmed the constitutionality of the establishment of a national bank and established the supremacy of federal law over state law.

Schenck v. United States (1919) introduced the "clear and present danger" test, limiting free speech when it presents a clear and immediate danger to national security.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

Baker v. Carr (1962) established the principle of "one person, one vote," requiring that legislative districts be drawn to ensure equal representation.

Engel v. Vitale (1962) ruled that public school-sponsored prayer violated the First Amendment's establishment clause, prohibiting the government from endorsing or promoting religion in schools.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established the right to counsel for individuals accused of crimes, even if they cannot afford an attorney.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) upheld the First Amendment rights of students, ruling that they have the right to express their opinions through symbolic speech, such as wearing armbands, as long as it does not cause substantial disruption.

New York Times v. United States (1971), also known as the Pentagon Papers case, protected the freedom of the press by allowing the publication of classified documents related to the Vietnam War.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) recognized the right of Amish parents to remove their children from public school after eighth grade, as it conflicted with their religious beliefs.

Reno v. Shaw (1993) addressed racial gerrymandering, ruling that race cannot be the predominant factor in drawing district lines unless there is a compelling government interest.

United States v. Lopez (1995) limited the scope of the federal government's authority under the Commerce Clause, stating that Congress cannot regulate non-economic activities that do not have a substantial effect on interstate commerce.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010) extended the Second Amendment's right to bear arms to state and local governments, establishing an individual's right to self-defense.

Citizens United v. FEC (2010) ruled that political spending by corporations and unions is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment, allowing for greater campaign spending by these entities.