Overall Strand 2 Part: 1

What are the four features all cells have :: A cell membrane, Cytosol, Ribosomes, Chromosomes

Does a Prokaryote (bacterium) have a Cell Wall, Nucleus, Sap Vacuole or Chloroplast :: Yes, no, no, no

Does a Animal Cell have a Cell Wall, Nucleus, Sap Vacuole or Chloroplast :: No, yes, no, no

Does a Plant Cell have a Cell Wall, Nucleus, Sap Vacuole or Chloroplast :: yes, yes, yes, yes

Does a Fungi Cell have a Cell Wall, Nucleus, Sap Vacuole or Chloroplast :: yes, yes, no, no

What are the three parts of cell theory? :: 1. All living things are made of cells (sometimes it only one cell!) 2. Cells are the basic unit of life (so part of a cell is not considered living) 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells (i.e. new cells are generated through cell division, they do not spontaneously form by themselves)

Autotroph :: Autotrophs are known as producers because they are able to make their own food from raw materials and energy

Heterotroph :: Heterotrophs are known as consumers because they consume producers or other consumers

Stem Cell :: A cell which can differentiate into a specialized cell

Differentiation :: The process of a stem cell changing into a specialized cell

Zygote :: The combo of a human egg and a sperm; the one cell you start out as

Totipotent Stem Cell :: A cell that can change into anything an example would be a Zygote

Secretion :: Is when something is put outside of the cell while having a function

Excretion :: Getting rid of cellular waste

Oncogenesis :: The process of a normal cell turning into a cancerous cell

Benign Tumor :: Does not spread, is not cancerous

Malignant Tumor :: Can spread and infect body with cancer

Angiogenesis :: Generation of blood vessels

Metastasis :: Cells breaking away from the primary tumor and then creating cancer or a cancerous tumor somewhere away from the original tumor or cancer.

Contractile Vacuole :: It takes in water and it expands and then expels the water

Osmoregulation :: Water balance

Apoptosis :: If a mutation/mistakes have been made in a cell it does Apoptosis which is programmed cell death, an example of apoptosis is your hands originally start as disks and apoptosis allows the cells between your fingers to die so your fingers can separate

Mitosis :: Eukaryotic cell division

Homologous Chromosomes :: Chromosomes are the ones that have the same genes in the same places

Cytokinesis :: Actually splits the cells

Gene :: segment of the DNA that codes for a protein

What is the cell cycle :: The cell cycle is the cycle of cells going through periods of growth and division

Interphase :: Includes growth phase 1, the synthesis phase and growth phase 2. “Most of the cell cycle is called interphase, during which a cell grows and replicates its DNA”

Growth phase 1 :: During this stage cells grow and preform normal metabolic roles. Also referred to as G1

Synthesis Phase :: During this stage DNA replication happens. Also referred to as S

Growth Phase 2 :: During this stage growth and preparation for mitosis happens. Also referred to as G2

What is G0? :: G0 is a stage in which is a cell is not needed to divide it will go into an almost dormant state where it is still doing its job but it is not getting ready to replicate and divide. Cells can also go here if they are mutated but can still do their job. Cells can come out of G0

What does the G1 checkpoint check for? :: It checks for sufficient resources such as (cell size, nutrients, growth factors) the checkpoint also checks for DNA damage

What does the S checkpoint check for? :: It checks that there were no errors during DNA replication

What does the G2 checkpoint check for? :: It checks that the DNA has no damage, the chromosome sets are complete, that the cell has enough of the required and necessary cell components and it also checks cell size

What are the four phrases the mitotic phase includes? :: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase (Cytokinesis is also mentioned in Telophase commonly)