In-Depth Review of Key Historical Concepts and Events

Grading and Assignment Updates

  • Marking Guidelines:

    • Score of 3 or better on DBQ (Document-Based Question) allows for marking boxes.
    • Current review packets finished up to Packet 6; packets 7, 8, and 9 will be distributed today.

  • Google Classroom Scores:

    • Check on Google Classroom for your DQQ score for an accurate assessment.
    • Missing assignments should not be marked as such to avoid penalties.
Review Preparation

  • Quizzes:

    • Three quizzes completed. If scores are high enough, students can mark those as done.
    • The quiz taken today will be graded quickly (7 points per question).

  • Continuing with Review:

    • Focus on completing more DBQs and quizzes to better prepare for the exam.
    • Keep track of assignments and ensure all required materials, including quizzes and review questions, are completed.

  • AP Review Quizzes:

    • These are important, encompassing all types of quizzes (video quizzes, etc.).
French Revolution Insights

  • Four Stages of the French Revolution:

    1. Moderate Phase:
    • Aim to create a constitutional monarchy.
    1. Reign of Terror:
    • Beheading of the king; significant violence, led by the Jacobins (e.g., Robespierre).
    1. Directory and Napoleon:
    • Conservative efforts post-terror leading to Napoleon's rise.

  • Key Events:

    • Storming of the Bastille (1789): Marks the revolution’s start.
    • Louis XVI’s Estates General: Called for the first time since Louis XIV, leading to the formation of the National Assembly.
    • Great Fear: Paranoia among the peasants regarding aristocrats killing them, leading to revolutionary fervor.

  • Motivations:

    • The financial burden on the Third Estate (commoners) as the First and Second Estates (nobility and clergy) were exempt from taxes.
    • Influence from the American Revolution, both ideological and practical support.
Political Parties and Struggles

  • Radical Phase (Jacobin Control):

    • Jacobin factions split into Montagnards (radical) and Girondins (less radical).
    • The Committee of Public Safety led by Robespierre, enforcing laws and contrarian views.

  • Cultural Changes:

    • New calendar and elimination of Christian holidays. Formation of the cult of the Supreme Being, instituted by Robespierre.

  • Thermidorian Reaction (July 1794):

    • Robespierre’s fall marks the start of the conservative Directory.
Age of Napoleon
  • Key Points:
    • Emergence as Emperor in 1804; Napoleonic Code emphasizing legal equality and women's rights to divorce.
    • Significant battles include the failed Russian invasion and battles like Leipzig and Waterloo.
    • Legacy centers on institutional reforms in Europe post his reign and the introduction of modern laws and governance frameworks.
Congress of Vienna

  • Post-Napoleonic Europe:

    • Goals included restoring monarchs, establishing a balance of power, and countering the rise of revolutionary ideals.
    • Important figures like Metternich emphasized conservative policies and restoration of stability.
    • France's representation was welcomed, while England remained less affected due to constitutional monarchy.

  • Aftermath:

    • Europe Post-1815: Germany and Italy still divided; significant change dynamics with Prussia emerging as a powerful state.
Industrial Revolution Overview

  • Causes:

    • Relative stability in England compared to continental turmoil.
    • Factors include land availability, labor from enclosure movements, and capital from previous commercial changes.
    • Agricultural revolution and introduction of new farming techniques increased productivity.

  • Shift to Factories:

    • Transition from cottage industries to factories increases efficiency but leads to job losses.
    • Key innovations include the steam engine, leading to the railroad revolution.
Social Changes and Class Structures

  • Rising Inequality:

    • Industrialization leads to wide economic gaps—wealth concentrated among industrialists (bourgeoisie) versus workers (proletariat).

  • Government Responses:

    • Labor reform movements arise (Factory Acts, Mines Act) aiming to protect children and labor conditions.
Revolutions in the 19th Century

  • Series of Revolutions (1820s-1850s):

    • Mostly liberal revolts attempt to break away from conservative governance.
    • 1848 revolutions marked a significant push for change but resulted largely in failure across Europe due to lack of unified goals, difficulties in governance, and socio-economic tensions.

  • Key Events:

    • Greek revolt against Ottomans, the Paris revolutions, and the significance of the 1848 uprisings as pivotal but ultimately uncoordinated attempts at reform.
    • Post-revolutionary political shifts towards radicalization and social unrest in the continent.