Macromolecules

carbohydratez aka saccharides

Contain: C,H, O

-always in the CnH2nOn


Function: Energy storage

short term energy storage

structure


Building blocks of carbohydrates: glucose(sweetest), fructose and galactose (least sweet)

Bond that holds two sugars together are glycosidic linkage (disaccharide): sucrose, maltose, lactose


Most names for sugar and in -ose

classified by number of carbons

  • Monosaccharides may be linear but can also for rings


Polysaccharides

Starch- Storage of energy in plants

is a polymer consisting entirely of glucose


cellulose give plants structure and strength

I s a olymer of glucose

has different glycosidic linkages


Glycogen storage of energy in animals and fungus

consists of glucose monomers


glycose is not fat


if u eat startch you can digest it and get nutrients


Chitin another important structural polysacharide

is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and fungi

can be used as a surgical thread


If we hit the limit fo glycogen then it turns into fat

no sugar= no energy = death

more carbs may be converted into fat


FATS/ LIPIDS


contain: C,H,O

Functions:

  • energy storage

  • structural support

  • help start metabolic reactions

  • insulation


Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

  • are the on eclass of large biological olecules that do not consists of polymers

  • share the common trait of being hydrophibic


Two parts: carboxyl group and fatty acids

Saturated fats at room temperature so these are fats like butter


triglyceride- 3 saturated Fatty acids + glycerol

  • fatty acids and gycerol create ester bonds through condensation reaction

  • used for energy storage in animals

  • can contribute to heart disease and fatty liver


Phospholipids

  • a polar phosphate and lipid bonded together


Cholesterol and steriods make gender hormones


PROTIENS

C, H, O, N

protiens have lots of functions, they run every reaction, they modify what goes in and out of your cells, they break and build up molecules


enzymes

are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions


Amino acids are the monomers of proteins

  • are organic molecules possesing both carboxyl amino groups

  • differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups


there are 20 diferent amino acids, they all have carbon hydrogen , nitrogen and a special R


Polymers

Protein = Polypeptides

  • protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded and bonded together

  • large and complex molecules

  • complex 3-d Shapes


Primary structure - the order of amino acids (chain)

Secondary structure - Alpha helix: hydrogen bonds between every 4th amino acid

beta pleated sheet: hydrogen bonds form between two or more parts of a chain

-proteins can have only alpha, only beta or a mix

Quaternary: polypeptide chain

Enzyme: bilogical catalist it breaks down or builds up


NUCLEIC ACID

Contain: CHONP

FUnctions": storing genetic information (DNA)

stroing raw energy


Monomer: Nuceotides

Nucleotides have 3 things

  • carbon sugar ring

  • base

  • phosphate


Polymer: DNA or RNA
- SIngel phosphate

  • can use either ribose or deoxyribose as penthouse

  • can use one of four bases

  • stores energy used by cells (ATP)

  • uses only four bases

  • has three phosphate lines


Four bases

Ademine

Guanine

Thymine

Cytosine


For quiz now that DNA IS ANTI PARALLEL

Dna is doubel stranded

bases are atcg


RNa is single stranded

sugare is ribose

bases are aucg