Emerging Technologies and Frameworks: Smart Cities and IoT

SMART City

A smart city uses technology and data collection to improve the quality of life for its inhabitants.

Industry Revolution

The industry has gone through five major revolutions:

  • Industry 1.0 (1780):
    • Characterized by machinery, water power, and steam power.
  • Industry 2.0 (1900):
    • Marked by mass production, assembly lines, and electricity.
  • Industry 3.0 (1970):
    • Defined by computers and automation.
  • Industry 4.0 (2000):
    • Features the Internet and cyber-physical systems.
  • Industry 5.0 (2020):
    • Focuses on human-cyber-physical systems (HCPS).

The timeframes between these revolutions have been shrinking:

  • Industry 1.0 to 2.0: 120 years.
  • Industry 2.0 to 3.0: 70 years.
  • Industry 3.0 to 4.0: 30 years.
  • Industry 4.0 to 5.0: 20 years.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)

  • CPS converges different technologies.
  • It creates interconnected systems.
  • CPS brings the physical and virtual worlds together.

The Internet of Things (IoT)

  • Kevin Ashton (1999):
    • Inventor of the term "Internet of Things."
    • Defined IoT as empowering computers to see, hear, and smell the world for themselves.

Converging Technologies

  • Big Data.
  • Coverage.
  • Smartphones.
  • Cheap Hardware.
  • Processing power.
  • Bandwidth.

What is IoT?

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

Any physical object can be transformed into an IoT device if it can be connected to the internet to be controlled or to communicate information.

  • Formula: Physical Object + Controller (sensor and Actuators) + Internet = Internet of Things

Example: A lightbulb that can be switched on using a smartphone app.

IoT Stages

The IoT stages involve the following components:

  • Sensors/Actuators
  • Device
  • Gateway
  • Cloud

Sensor in Operation

A sensor is a device that detects changes in an environment.

It measures a physical phenomenon (e.g., temperature, pressure) and transforms it into an electric signal.

  • Sends raw data.
  • Operates with low power.

Sensor to Actuator

An actuator is a device that converts energy into motion and is used to apply force.

Device for Local Processing

  • Gets data from sensors.
  • Processes data.
  • Sends data to the Cloud.
  • Consists of small programmable devices.

Network and Internet

  • IoT Gateway.
  • Gathers data from sensors.
  • Uses protocols such as:
    • CoAP
    • MQTT
    • HTTP

Network and Internet Technologies

These inputs are digitized and placed onto networks. The network technologies include:

  • Wi-Fi
  • LTE Advanced
  • Cellular 4G/LTE
  • 3G-GPS/GPRS
  • 2G/GSM/EDGE, CDMA, EVDO
  • WEIGHTLESS
  • WIMAX
  • LICENSE-FREE SPECTRUM
  • DASH 7
  • WiFi
  • InterPlanetary Network
  • BLUETOOTH
  • UWB
  • POWERLINE
  • ETHERNET
  • Z-WAVE
  • ZIGBEE
  • 6LOWPAN
  • NFC
  • ANT
  • RFID

Network Protocols:

  • IPv4
  • IPV6
  • UDP
  • DTLS
  • RPL
  • Telnet
  • MQTT
  • DDS
  • COAP
  • XMPP
  • HTTP
  • SOCKETS
  • REST API

Network Types:

  • PAN (Personal Area Network - 802.15)
  • LAN (Local Area Network - 802.11)
  • MAN (Metropolitan Area Network - 802.16)
  • WAN (Wide Area Network - 802.20)

IoT Stages (Data Perspective)

  • Devices
  • Data Aggregation & Pre-processing
  • Data Storage
  • Data Analysis

IoT Growth

The global IoT market is segmented by sub-sector. IoT Enterprise Spending Forecast (2020-2025) shows an increase from 159.8159.8 billion in 2020 to 411.9411.9 billion in 2025.

Global IoT Market Share by Sub-Sector (June 2021 Data):

  • Industrial IoT: 26%
  • Connected Cars: 24%
  • Smart Utilities: 26%
  • Smart Homes: 14%
  • Connected Health: 7%
  • Smart Cities: 4%
  • Wearables: 3%
  • IoT Security: 3%
  • IoT Hardware: 32%
  • IoT Services: 38%
  • IoT Software: 27%
  • Others: 20%

Note: IoT Analytics defines IoT as a network of internet-enabled physical objects interacting via embedded systems, network communication, or a combination of edge and cloud computing. Connected personal computers, tablets, and smartphones are not considered IoT, although these may be part of the solution setup. Devices connected via simple connectivity methods like RFID or quick response codes are also not considered IoT devices.

IoT Trends & Opportunities

The top 10 IoT application areas in 2020 based on the global share of Enterprise IoT projects are:

  1. Manufacturing / Industrial (22%)
  2. Transportation / Mobility (15%)
  3. Energy (14%)
  4. Retail (12%)
  5. Cities (9%)
  6. Healthcare (7%)
  7. Supply Chain (4%)
  8. Agriculture (3%)
  9. Buildings (3%)
  10. Other (Enterprise & Finance sectors) (4%)

M2M vs IoT vs IoE

  • M2M (Machine to Machine):
    • Direct communication between machines/devices without human intervention.
  • IoT (Internet of Things):
    • A network of connected devices that collect, analyze, and share data over the internet.
  • IoE (Internet of Everything):
    • A broader concept integrating people, processes, data, and things for enhanced decision-making and automation.
FeatureM2M (Machine-to-Machine)IoT (Internet of Things)IoE (Internet of Everything)
DefinitionDirect communication between machines/devices without human intervention.A network of connected devices that collect, analyze, and share data over the internet.A broader concept integrating people, processes, data, and things for enhanced decision-making and automation.
ScopeDevice-to-device communication.Device-to-cloud or device-to-device communication using internet protocols.Holistic system integrating IoT with human and business intelligence.
ConnectivityUses wired or wireless connections (e.g., RFID, Bluetooth, cellular).Uses the internet, cloud computing, and wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, LPWAN, etc.).Uses a combination of IoT, AI, Big Data, and advanced networking technologies.
CommunicationPoint-to-point communication.Networked communication with cloud-based data processing.Intelligent and dynamic communication across multiple entities (people, data, devices, processes).
Human InvolvementMinimal to none.Involvement in data interpretation and decision-makingHigh integration of human intelligence and decision-making automation.
Example Use CasesSmart meters, industrial automation, ATMs, remote monitoring.Smart homes, wearables, connected vehicles, healthcare monitoring.Smart cities, intelligent transportation, smart healthcare, digital transformation in businesses.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)

CPS integrates:

  • People
  • Data
  • Things
  • Processes

Components and Applications:

  • Consumers of Products & Services:
    • Smart Phones, Cars, Drones, Watches, Fridges, TVs, Wearables, Virtual Retinal Displays etc.
  • Research & Development-Producers of Product & Services:
    • Smart Enterprise, Smart Government, Smart Services, Smart Industries, Smart Agriculture etc.
  • Communication
  • Computing
  • Autonomous Control
  • Smart Grids, Smart Cities, Smart Factories, Smart Homes, Smart Buildings etc.
  • Sensing
  • Wireless
  • Cognition
  • Security
  • Dipole Coil Resonant System (DCRS) wireless charging of devices
  • Wireless sensing, distributed actuation, network processing and sensing - bringing the real and virtual worlds together.

IOT is part of our lives

  • Smart Appliances
  • Healthcare:
    • Wearables
    • Implants

IoT Application Domains

  • Healthcare
  • Home & Building
  • Retail
  • Energy
  • Manufacturing
  • Mobility/ Transportation
  • Logistics
  • Media

eHealth and Wireless Monitoring

  • Insulin Pump (IEEE 11073-10419™)
  • Glucose Meter (IEEE 11073-10417™)
  • Weigh Scale (IEEE 11073-10415™)
  • Blood Pressure Monitor (IEEE 11073-10407™)
  • Electrocardiograph (ECG) (IEEE 11073-10406™)
  • Cardiovascular Fitness & Activity Monitor (IEEE 11073-10441™)
  • Body Composition Analyzer (IEEE 11073-10420™)
  • Sleep Monitor (IEEE 11073-10423™)
  • Sleep Apnea Breathing Therapy Equipment (IEEE 11073-10424™)

Connectivity Transports:

  • IEEE 802.3™ (Ethernet)
  • IEEE 802.11™ (WiFi)
  • IEEE 802.15.4™ (Zigbee®)
  • IEEE 11073-30300™ (Infrared Communications)
  • IEEE 11073-30400™ (Near Field Communications)

Health Care Manager Cloud:

  • IEEE P2301™
  • IEEE P2302™
  • World Wide Web

The Connected Vehicle

  • Connectivity:
    • IEEE 802.3: Defining the physical layer and data link layer's media access control of wired Ethernet, in local area networks and wide area network applications.
    • IEEE 802.11: WLAN to support communication between vehicles and the roadside and between vehicles while operating at speeds up to a maximum of 200 km/h for communication ranges up to 1000 meters.
    • IEEE 802.15: Wireless personal area networks allows the use of wearable and other short-range wireless devices (such as health monitors).
    • IEEE 802.20/802.21/802.22 Series: Communications standards for connecting vehicles to 802 systems.
  • Transportation Electrification:
    • IEEE 2030 and its related standards are the first all-encompassing standards series providing alternative approaches and best practices for achieving smart grid interoperability.
  • Intelligent Transportation Systems:
    • IEEE 1609: A family of standards defining the architecture, services, and standard interfaces for secure vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V21) wireless communications.
  • Traffic Safety:
    • IEEE 1512: Multiple standards for traffic safety, hazardous materials, and public safety incident communications.
  • Cooperative, Autonomous and Automated Driving:
    • IEEE P2040 Series: A series of standards for connected, automated, and intelligent vehicles.
  • Smart Rail: A wide range of standards relating to electric rail operation including IEEE 11-2000, IEEE 16-2004, P1653.1, P1791, P1833, P1883, P1884, P1887, P1896, P2406,1536, 1558, 1568, 1570, 1628, 1629,1630, 1653 series, and 1698. As well as a series of standards relating to communication for rail transit systems, including IEEE 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1482.1, and 1483.

The Smart Home Initiative

  • Smart Grid into Home Devices Standards
    • IEEE 1675/IEEE 1775
    • IEEE 2030/IEEE P2030.1
    • IEEE 1901/IEEE P1901.2
  • Home Networking Standards
    • IEEE 802
    • IEEE 1901
    • IEEE P1901.2
    • IEEE 1815
  • Smart Metering Standards
    • IEEE P1377
    • IEEE 1701
    • IEEE 1702
    • IEEE P1703
    • IEEE P1704
    • IEEE P1705
    • IEEE P1907.1 (Real Time Mobile Video)
  • Mobile Video Standards
    • IEEE P3333
  • Mobile Video Standards
    • IEEE P2200/IEEE 802.11 (Intelligently Cached Mobile Content)
  • Electric Vehicle Standards
    • IEEE 802 Series / IEEE 1901
    • IEEE P1901.2/IEEE 1609 Series (Vehicular Communications)
    • IEEE 2030/IEEE P2030.1