Civ Ch. 15 Test

15-1 The Italian States

How can trade lead to economic prosperity and political power?

Major Italian States

• Urban

  • Thriving trade network in cities

  • Development of Renaissance culture

• Influence of trade

  • Prospered from flourishing trade

  • Trading centers with E. ports

    • Sugar, silks, spices

  • Italian trading ships moved to W. Mediterranean & N. Atlantic

    • Exchanged goods with merchants in Eng & Netherlands

    • Ideas of Renaissance spread

• No monarch

  • Italy failed to develop centralized monarchical state -> Leads to lots of independent states

• Five Major Territories

  • Milan

  • Venice

  • Florence

  • Rome

  • Kingdom of Naples

Economics and Politics

• Northern Italy (know location of five city-states)

  • Milan, Florence, Venice, Naples, Papal State

• City-states

• Milan

  • Richest, crossroads of main trade routes from Italian coastal cities to Alpine passes

  • Visconti family became dukes of Milan

    • Extended power over Lombardy

• Sforza

  • The last ruler of Milan (Francesco Sforza)

  • Led band of powerful mercenaries

  • Him and Visconti built strong, centralized state

    • Tax system - huge revenues for govt.

• Mercenaries

  • Definition: Soldiers who fight primarily for pay

• Venice

  • Comercial link between ASia and W. Europe

  • Drew traders worldwide

  • Was a republic w/ a doge

    • Reality: small group of wealthy merchants - aristocrats - ran govt.

  • Profitable trade empire

  • Made city state an international power

• Republic

  • Definition: A form of govt, where the leader isn’t a king and certain citizens can vote

• Doge

  • Definition: formerly the chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa

• Florence

  • Dominated N. Italian region of Tuscany

  • 14th century - wealthy group of merchants created Florentine govt.

  • Wars made FLorence a major city-state

  • Cultural center

• Cosimo de Medici

  • Italian banker and politician

  • 1434 - He took control

    • Family ran govt. Behind the scenes

    • Grandson = Lorenzo;  dominated city

• Decline of Church Power

  • Power of Church declined - city states grew

    • Some Ch. doctrines ignored

    • Italian leaders borrowed money we/ fear or reprisal

• Late 1400’s - Florence economic decline

  • Competition from Enlgand and FLemish cloth makers - decline in profits

• Savonarola

  • Who was he: Dominican preacher, started condemning corruption and excesses of Medici fam.

  • Citizens turned to him

    • Attacks weakened Medici power

    • French invasion 1949 - exile from Florence

  • He attacked the corruption of Church which angered the pope

  • Against gambling, horse racing, swearing, painting, music, books

  • 1498: accused of heresy and sentenced to death

• Papal States 

  • Capital was Rome

    • Under control of catholic church

• Kingdom of Naples

  • Southern Italy - Heredity monarch

  • Growth of monarchial states caused trouble for Italian states

• Charles VIII of France

  • Attracted by the riches of Italy

  • Began FR. expeditions into Italy

  • Army of 30k into Italy in 1494

  • FR. occupied K.O.N

• Domination of Spain

  • N. Italian states got help from Spanish

  • Next 30 yrs - France + Spain vs. Italy

• 1527 - may 5

  • Troops in Rome (Charles 1)

    • King of Spain

    • Ruler of Holy R. empire

  • With unpaid mercenaries “Money! Money!”

  • Next day: invaders in city - terrible sack of Rome

Machiavelli

• Fascinated with political power of renaissance

• Dedicated his study to grandson of Lorenzo de Medici

• The Prince

  • A book by Machiavelli about how to get and keep political power 

• Lorenzo de Medici

  • Florentine statesman & patron of arts & letters

  • grandson of Cosimo de'Medici

  • most brilliant of Medici family

• Philosophy of Machiavelli

  • Believed morality not related to politics

  • Human nature

  • Leaders do good but evil too

  • “Ends justify the means”

Renaissance Society

• 3 social classes - Clergy, Nobility, Peasants/townspeople

Nobility

• Dominated society

• Political power and advisors of king

• The Book of the Courtier (Castiglione)

  • Ideals

  • Well developed individual - character, grace, talent

  • Follows standards of conduct 

• Responsibilities of nobility

  • Serve prince in effective and honest way 

Peasants and Townspeople

• Made up a lot of the population

• By 1500 - more and more peasants became legally free

• Top of society -> patricians

  • Dominated

  • Below they - burghers

• Burgher

  • Definition: middle classer, shopkeepers, artisans

  • BELOW burghers - Workers: Low wages, larger (5x more of them)

• 1300’s & 1400’s - more poverty 

Family and Marriage

• Security!!

• Arranged marriages to strengthen businesses or family ties

• Marriage contracts

  • For wealthier families

• Role of Fathers

  • Center of It. fams

  • Managed farms

  • Made decisions in children's lives

  • Authority over children 

• Role of Mothers

  • Supervised house and raised children

  • Moral education for children 

15-2 Ideas and Art of Renaissance

Development of Humanism

• Humanism

  • Secularism (not religious) & emphasis on individual 

• Based upon classics

  • Literature of ancient GR. and R.

• Petrarch

  • “Father of It. Renaissance humanism”

  • Looked for forgotten Latin manuscripts

  • Began humanist emphasis on using pure, classical Latin

  • Cicero & Virgil 

• Manuscripts

  • Petrach looked for forgotten Latin manuscripts and set in motion a search for similar manuscripts in monastic libraries in Europe

• Cicero and Virgil as models

  • Roman writers

  • Used by many humanists

• Duty to civic life

  • Took interest by humanists

  • Duty to live active, civic lives

  • Put study of humanities to state’s service

Vernacular Literature (rediscovery of classical civilization and development of vernacular)

• Vernacular

  • Latin used in writings of scholars, lawyers, religious writers

  • Definition: Language of everyday speech in a particular regions

    • Different dialects

• Dante Alighieri

  • Made V. L. popular 

  • Wrote Divine Comedy

• Divine Comedy

  • Long poem about the soul's journey to get paradise

• Christine de Pizan

  • Italian writer who lived in FR. and wrote in Fr.

  • Best known for her works written in defense of women  

• The City of Ladies

  • Book about how women are as good as men - just needed equal education

Renaissance Education (shaped by humanism and what was focus)

• core/liberal studies 

  • History, ethics, public speaking, grammar, logic, poetry, math, astronomy, music

  • Liberal education:

    • Produce independents who follow path or virtue and wisdom

    • Humans reach full potential

• Less focus on religion

  • Secular 

• Rhetorical skills

  • Have rhetorical skills to persuade others

• Purpose of education

  • Create well-rounded citizens

  • Prepare sons of aristocrats for leading

• Gutenberg and printing press (impact)

  • Printing books -> scholarly research, expanded research

  • Affected how knowledge is distributed 

Renaissance Art

• Realism -> Idealism

• Imitate nature and reality, painted human body 

• Giotto

  • Italian painter 

  • Anticipated innovation of Renaissance

  • Depict humans and their realities/dramas 

• Fresco

  • A painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints

• Perspective

  • 3D illusion created

  • Masaccio’s frescoes “came alive”

• Masaccio

  • His frescoes are 1st masterpieces of Renaissance

  • The Tribute Money - depicts story of the life of Peter, a Christian saint

• Movement and anatomy

  • 2 major developments

    • 1) Technical side of painting

      • Laws of perspective

      • Organization of outdoor space & light through geometry

    • 2) Investigation of movement & human anatomy

      • Human individual (nude)

Sculpture and Architecture

• Express human-centered world - realism

• Donatello

  • Studied GR & R statues

  • Realistic free-standing marble figure of Ch. saint George

• Brunelleschi

  • Inspired by classical Rome buildings

    • Designed church of San Lorenzo in Florence

    • Classical columns, round arches, open & airy - fit human needs

• Domes

  • Brunelleschi used his art and math skills to build large outside dome 

• Linear-perspective construction

  • Re-discovered by Brunelleschi

  • Helped create realistic imagery 

High Renaissance Masters (how did they use humanism in their works)

• Leonardo da Vinci (model “Renaissance Man”)

  • Artist, scientist, inventor, visionary

  • Realistic painting

  • Go beyond realism - idealized forms that captured perfection of nature in the individual

• Raphael Sanzio

  • Many madonnas (paintings of Mary)

    • Ideal beauty

  • Frescoes in Vatican Palace

• School of Athens

  • Reveals a world of balance, harmony, order (principles of GR & R art)

• Michelangelo Buonarroti

  • Paintor, sculptor, architect

  • Desire to create -> passion & energy 

  • Figures on ceiling of Sistine Chapel:

    • Ideal human being w/ perfect proportions

    • Divine beauty - godlike figure

• Sistine Chapel, The David, Pieta

Northern Artistic Renaissance (low countries)

• Low countries:

  • Present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, & the Netherlands

  • Had different approach of portraying the world realistically

• Circumstance role

  • Large wall spaces led to mastering of skill for humans in realistic settings

• Smaller scale 

  • Gothic cathedrals had no large space b/c of LARGE stained glass windows so paintings on smaller scaled

  • Books, wooden panels for altarpieces

• Jan van Eyck

  • One of the 1st to use oil painting

  • Varnish made of linseed oil & nuts with resin

  • Created striking realism, fine details, could use lots of diff. Colors

    • Ex. Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

  • Imitated nature by observing reality

• Dürer

  • German artists affected by Italians

  • Achieve standard of ideal beauty by examining human form