cellular energetics

ENZYMES:

  • function: lowering activation energy

  • structure: active site, substrate

  • effects of pH, temperature, and inhibitors

PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

  • chloroplast based

  • light dependent reaction (thylakoid membrane, photolysis, ETC, ATP/NADPH production)

  • light independent reaction: Calvin cycle in stroma

FERMENTATION:

  • lactic acid v. alcoholic fermentation

  • anerobic v aerobic processes

CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

  • ATP is a type of nucleic acids and has three phosphates

  • cells (both pro. and euk.) have to make ATP

  • cells that have membrane bound organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria

  • glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

glucose is needed

Glycolysis:

  • does not require oxygen

  • glucose is converted into a more usable form: pyruvate

  • 2 PYRUVATE, 2 ATP MOLECUELES, AND 2 NADH

    • NADH is a coenzyme that can transfer electrons, which is useful in making more ATP

Intermediate step:

  • pyruvate transported into mitochondria (oxidized)

  • in mitochondria, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA

  • carbon dioxide is released

  • 2 pyruvate → 2 acetyl CoA and 2 NADH

Krebs Cycle:

  • still in mitochondrial matrix

  • aerobic process

  • some of the events need oxygens to continue

  • carbon dioxide is released

  • inputs: 2 acetyl CoA

  • outputs: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

  • inside the inner mitochondrial membrane

  • aerobic

  • complex

  • electrons are transferred from the NADH and FADH2 to protein complexes and electron carriers

  • the electrons are used to generate a proton gradient as protons are pumped across to the intermembrane space

  • this generates electrical and chemical gradient

    • ions like the H+ don’t easily travel across membranes directly without something to travel through

    • the protons can travel through ATP synthase

    • ATP synthase has the ability to make ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP

    • precursor to ATP

  • protons travel down their electrochemical gradient through a portion of ATP synthase

  • oxygen is the final acceptor of the electrons

  • this makes more ATP

  • 26-34 net molecules